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2010 Figure 30 Vertical ground loop diagram. Vertical loops typically require one to two boreholes per ton of energy load, the required number depending on soil thermal properties. To avoid long-term degradation of the thermal resource, boreholes should be spaced at least 6 meters apart, depending on climate and soil conditions. The most common configuration for the vertical loop piping element in the drilled bore is a U-tube, where a 180° bend is factory fused to join two lengths of pipes and inserted into the borehole. Advantages of vertical closed loop systems • Requires less total pipe length than most other closed loop systems. • Requires the least amount of land area. • Shallow seasonal soil temperature swings are not a concern. Disadvantages of vertical closed loop systems • Cost of drilling is higher than cost of horizontal trenching, and vertical loop designs tend to be the most costly GSHP systems. • Potential for long-term soil temperature changes if boreholes are not spaced far enough apart. Geothermal probes using phase change Geothermal probes use working fluids such as carbon dioxide (CO2), propane (C3H8) or ammonia (NH3) to transfer the heat energy. The probes operate using density difference, falling film evaporation and thermosiphon principles. Heat is removed from the ground by evaporating coolant on the wall of the probe or by boiling in the probe sump. The energy captured is transferred to the coolant loop in the geothermal heat pump by condensation in heat exchanger. This energy is then transferred to the building. Figure 31 (VBI, 2010) is a schematic diagram of a heat pump on top of a phase change probe. GNS Science Report 2010/20 29PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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