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5.2 Direct technologies – Delivery system 5.2.1 Convectors Rooms and buildings can be heated by passing geothermal water or a heated secondary fluid through heat convectors located in each heated space similar to conventional space heating systems. The major types of heat convectors used for space heating are a) forced air, b) material convection (finned tube), c) natural convection (radiator), and d) in floor systems (Figure 18). Figure 18 Convectors. 5.2.2 Refrigeration and chillers Cooling can be performed using geothermal energy using lithium bromide or ammonia absorption refrigeration systems (Lund 2005). The lithium bromide system is the most common because it uses water as the refrigerant. However, it is limited to cooling above the freezing point of water. The major application of lithium bromide units is for the supply of chilled water for space and process cooling, in either one- or two-stage units. The two-stage units require higher temperatures (about 160°C) but have higher efficiencies. The single-stage units can be driven with hot water at temperatures as low as 77°C. For geothermally-driven refrigeration below the freezing point of water, the ammonia absorption system is used. These systems, however, are normally applied to larger capacity loads. The geothermal absorption process is shown in Figure 19. The cross over temperature is nominally 15°C. Lithium bromide is used for applications above 15°C and ammonia in applications below 15°C. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 18PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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