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1.0 INTRODUCTION This report identifies technologies for low enthalpy geothermal energy use. The study is part of a multi-disciplinary GNS Science project titled ‘Increasing energy use from New Zealand’s low enthalpy geothermal resources’. The project funded by the Foundation for Research, Science and Technology (FRST) has combined outcomes seeking to help facilitate the development and increased utilisation of low temperature geothermal resources. The study was scoped to examine technologies that are appropriate for using low enthalpy energy sources. Some of the technologies will be in use, some under development and some at the research stage. Economic considerations are reviewed in the CRL Energy (CRL) and East Harbour Energy Ltd Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy: Technological Economics Review (Gazo, et al., 2010) and are not considered further in this report. Applicability of the various technologies to various source temperature ranges is to be considered. The work was to be performed as a desk based broader literature review. It was to consider in the broader context what technology needs might exist that might assist in the uptake and use of low enthalpy energy in New Zealand. The work was primarily undertaken by Felicito Gazo of CRL Energy Limited. This document contains the following: • a brief review of resource data; • identification of technologies (indirect/power generation and direct uses) that are in use or are ready to use, under research, or under development for low enthalpy geothermal energy use/conversion; and • descriptions of current and other possible uses of low enthalpy geothermal energy resources (indirect/power generation or direct uses) in New Zealand and overseas. 2.0 LOW ENTHALPY GEOTHERMAL ENERGY RESOURCES – NEW ZEALAND Geothermal systems occur in parts of New Zealand. High temperature geothermal fields (>200°C) are primarily located in the Taupo Volcanic Zone, with a high temperature field also located at Ngawha in Northland. Low enthalpy geothermal energy sites (<150°C) are more widely spread, with some associated with areas of young volcanism and structural settings. Currently, there are about 260 low enthalpy geothermal energy sites associated with surface fluid expressions (e.g. wells, springs, etc. with temperatures <150°C) mainly found in the northern half of the North Island (in Bay of Plenty, Northland, and Waikato) and in some alpine areas of the South Island that are associated with faults and tectonic features. The general locations of geothermal resources in New Zealand are shown in Figure 1. There are also about 170 other sites such as disused coal mines, abandoned oil and gas wells, and water wells outside of typical geothermal areas and in onshore sedimentary basins that identify that elevated temperatures and thermal potential is widespread across New Zealand. Wells in Auckland, Canterbury, Manawatu-Wanganui, Marlborough, Taranaki, and West Coast might also be considered possible low enthalpy geothermal energy resources or at least indicators of such energy sources. 2010 GNS Science Report 2010/20 1PDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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