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6.0 7.0 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3 Figure 4 Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7 Figure 8 Figure 9 Figure 10 Figure 11 Figure 12 Figure 13 Figure 14 Figure 15 Figure 16 Figure 17 Figure 18 Figure 19 Figure 20 Figure 21 Figure 22 Figure 23 Figure 24 Figure 25 Figure 26 Figure 27 Figure 28 Figure 29 Figure 30 Figure 31 Figure 32 Figure 33 Figure 34 Figure 35 Figure 36 Figure 37 Figure 38 Figure 39 Figure 40 Figure 41 Figure 42 Figure 43 Figure 44 Figure 45 Figure 46 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3 Table 4 Appendix 1 Appendix 2 FIGURES Geothermal resources in New Zealand (GNS Science, 2006)...........................................................2 Location map identifying Onshore Abandoned Oil and Gas wells (Reyes 2007). ..............................3 Lindal Diagram: Applications for geothermal resources depending on the temperature. ...................4 Organic Rankine Cycle configuration. ................................................................................................5 Air-cooled ORC geothermal power plant............................................................................................6 Geothermal combined cycle power plant. ..........................................................................................6 UTC Purecycle Skid unit. ...................................................................................................................8 Chena geothermal power plant, Alaska. ............................................................................................8 Opcon Powerbox, Åmål, Sweden. .....................................................................................................9 Kalina cycle process. .......................................................................................................................10 Multi-use of Exorka plant..................................................................................................................11 View of Exorka plant, Iceland...........................................................................................................11 Line-shaft pump. ..............................................................................................................................13 Submersible pump. ..........................................................................................................................14 Plate heat exchanger. ......................................................................................................................15 Shell and tube heat exchanger. .......................................................................................................16 Typical downhole heat exchanger....................................................................................................17 Convectors.......................................................................................................................................18 Geothermal ammonia absorption refrigeration cycle........................................................................19 Schematic diagram of an adsorption chiller. ....................................................................................19 Energy use cascade – combined heat and power. ..........................................................................20 Schematic diagram showing main components of a geothermal heat pump. ..................................23 Ground source heat pump in cooling mode (www.allenhvacpro.com, accessed 14/09/10). ............23 Ground source heat pump in heating mode (www.allenhvacpro.com, accessed 14/09/10).............24 Single well open loop with drainage field. ........................................................................................25 Standing column well configuration..................................................................................................25 Double well open loop system. ........................................................................................................26 Horizontal ground loop diagram. ......................................................................................................27 Slinky ground loop diagram..............................................................................................................28 Vertical ground loop diagram. ..........................................................................................................29 Geothermal phase change probe (Source: BLZ Geotechnik GMbH, Gommern, Germany).............30 Submerged pond loop diagram........................................................................................................30 DX copper loop system (www.subterraenergysystems.com, accessed 14/09/10). ..........................31 Horizontal DX GSHP and typical ground loop arrangement.............................................................32 Vertical DX GSHP and typical ground loop arrangement.................................................................32 ATES – Aquifer Thermal Energy Storage, cooling and heating. ......................................................33 BTES – Borehole Thermal Energy Storage, cooling and heating. ...................................................33 Hybrid GSHP system with supplemental cooling pond. ...................................................................34 Hybrid GSHP system with closed-circuit cooling tower (no intermediate heat exchanger). .............35 Hybrid GSHP system with an open cooling tower............................................................................35 Hybrid GSHP system with supplemental solar collector...................................................................36 Efficiency of various types of domestic heating systems..................................................................37 Oregon Institute of Technology heating and cooling system............................................................40 Continuous belt dehydration plant....................................................................................................40 Reykjavik district heating system, Iceland........................................................................................41 Wairakei Prawn Farm heat exchangers. ..........................................................................................43 TABLES ORC Suppliers. ..................................................................................................................................7 Manufacturers and suppliers of Kalina cycle equipment. .................................................................10 Top 10 direct heat use countries......................................................................................................38 Summary of worldwide geothermal energy direct use categories (Lund 2005)................................39 APPENDICES Direct heat uses of geothermal resources in various countries........................................................47 Ground source heat pump installations in New Zealand..................................................................52 5.5 Direct uses – New Zealand.............................................................................42 DISCUSSION ............................................................................................................. 44 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................... 44 GNS Science Report 2010/20 iiPDF Image | Low Enthalpy Geothermal Energy
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