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5.2. Voluntary carbon markets The voluntary market trades carbon credits between project developers, who have to register reduction projects under voluntary standards, and buyers who are not subject to emission limits. Buyers are private companies, NGOs, municipalities, universities and even individuals looking to offset their carbon footprint motivated by shareholder and/or customer demand and corporate social responsibility policies, among other 5.3. Domestic carbon markets Some countries in the region are promoting national initiatives based on market mechanisms to promote the transition to low- carbon development. For example, Chile created the Santiago Climate Exchange (SCX), to develop an industry to reduce greenhouse gas emissions; Brazil launched a Green Market in Rio de Janeiro (BVRio), an initiative designed to promote the things. Brazil accounts for 60% of voluntary credits generated in Latin America and has a significant participation in regional voluntary carbon markets. Voluntary market-related emissions reductions account for 844,000,000 tCO2 up to 2013,89 and revenue of approximately US$4 billion. The voluntary market is expected to grow as the CDM disappears in the region and the market to offset carbon emissions grows. reduction of industrial emissions in the state of Rio de Janeiro; and Mexico created the Mexican Carbon Platform (Mexico2). In general, the results obtained by ’cap & trade’ systems have been disappointing. The emissions reductions were insignificant compared to the scale of the problem; and market conditions As prices in the carbon markets remain at historic low levels, the voluntary market is being incorporated into domestic carbon markets. Most voluntary market standards followed the CDM structures and methodologies, so the results and concerns are very similar to those outlined above. mean the system usually favours companies that can afford allowances. Elizabeth Peredo, of Fundación Solon, said that carbon markets do not reduce carbon emissions but instead generate greater inequality, since companies that can afford to buy carbon credits keep emitting GHG. 5.4. Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation The REDD+ initiative acts as an economic incentive for reducing forest loss and the resulting emissions and investing in low-carbon projects for sustainable development.90 It is based on the assumption that deforestation occurs because little economic value is given to virgin forests and, therefore, providing funds to countries with large forests can contribute to their protection. However putting a price on forest lands can encourage appropriations by large companies, affecting indigenous people and communities. As in the case of the CDM, it is feared that REDD+ could be an instrument of commodification of nature, accelerating the destruction and occupation of forests, thus affecting biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities. REDD+ should be an inclusive, participatory and community-based initiative, allowing local communities to manage conservation projects and distribute the benefits directly.91 Low-Carbon Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, experiences and challenges 29PDF Image | Low-Carbon Development in Latin America
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