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4. experiencesintheimplementation of renewable energy The widespread implementation of renewable energy projects in Latin America and the Caribbean started several decades ago. This includes a whole range of RES, primarily hydropower, biofuels, solar, wind power and geothermal. Among these projects there have been both positive and negative experiences, demonstrating that being ‘renewable’ does not guarantee that an energy project is ‘sustainable’. Sustainability depends on certain conditions such as the scale of the project, how it affects the environment and the human population, and other things. There is definitely motivation in the region to develop renewable energy at different scales and in different contexts (urban and rural) in the coming years, a trend that is expected to intensify as countries commit more solidly to adopting a low-carbon development path. Several countries are implementing wind farms and solar installations, projects to expand their electrical grids and are conducting studies to establish their geothermal and concentrated solar energy potential. However, these applications are still marginal compared to traditional generation sources, including hydropower plants. Renewable energy generation won’t happen by itself as Latin American and Caribbean countries also struggle with energy inequality and significant levels of energy poverty. The UN has been promoting the Sustainable Energy for All initiative,77 which aims to: • ensure universal access to modern energy services by 2030 • double the global rate of improvement in energy efficiency by 2030 • double the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030. Latin American and Caribbean countries are promoting the implementation of sustainable energy projects in order to achieve these goals. The following key aspects should be considered to develop sustainable energy projects. All 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries have ratified Convention 169 yet the experience in the region has shown little governmental will to protect indigenous and Afro-descendent people’s rights. There are numerous cases in Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia and Peru where hydrocarbon extraction and mining activities and the construction of dams have been approved without holding prior consultations.79 A recent case concerns Chiloé Island in southern Chile, where a 112 MW wind farm was planned to be installed in a moorland area that serves as a water reservoir 4.1. Social issues and community participation The Regional Observatory of Social Conflicts, initiated by the United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP) and the UNIR Foundation of Bolivia, conducted research on social conflicts across the region between 2009 and 2010. They discovered that the number of conflicts had risen in the region, as shown in Figure 11. The sustainable implementation of a renewable energy project, like any other construction project, requires that local people who may be affected are informed and consulted, in an educative, practical and transparent way. This includes informing them about the conditions on which the project is to be implemented, the potential impacts, environmental compensation arrangements and benefit distribution policies. It is also vital that local people are given the opportunity to express their agreement or disagreement. This should be the first step towards gaining project approval. For example, the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention 169 on Indigenous and Tribal Peoples deals specifically with the right to free, prior and informed consultation and consent.78 24 Low-Carbon Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, experiences and challengesPDF Image | Low-Carbon Development in Latin America
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