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Ecostoves in Nicaragua Nicaragua has several examples of projects to improve the efficiency of cooking stoves. One of the most successful ones was the Community Wells in Dry Areas of Nicaragua project, led by Centro Humbolt. This initiative comprised the delivery of 367 improved stoves, called ‘ecostoves’ to 65 rural communities experiencing poverty. Using ecostoves generated multiple benefits for the target population, especially women and children who previously were affected by smoke from traditional stoves, and used to spend precious time collecting firewood on a daily basis. The decrease in the volume of firewood consumed also meant less pressure on forests. Avoided deforestation was estimated at 247,640 m2, an area equivalent to 35 football pitches; and the reduction in GHG emissions was estimated at 4,598 tonnes of CO2. The project won many awards, including the Equator Prize granted during the UN Conference on Sustainable Development in 2012 (known as Rio+20). putting it into conflict with local farmers whose economic resources are limited and who have lower bargaining power. Shifting croplands from food to biofuel production results in an increase in food prices. Most large-scale first generation biofuels projects have proven to be unsustainable due to the local generation of GHG emissions and the impacts on rivers and cropland, driven by land-use changes and the use of fertiliser containing nitrates and phosphates. In order to overcome these impacts, some initiatives are currently being implemented to move towards second generation biofuels (eg fuels manufactured from various types of biomass) and third generation biofuels (eg using algae for oil generation), technologies that will be entering the market after 2020. Further studies will be required on these new technologies, assessing the risks and advantages of new biofuel projects. Solar Solar has the greatest potential of all RES, due to the availability of the resource and the existing expertise in the region. Currently, solar use is marginal relative to other energy sources and to the existing potential. Solar energy for local electrification has been developed in a sustainable way in some cases; though to date, this has mainly concentrated on off-grid and small-scale grid-connected systems67 and it is difficult to ensure that most of them are working. Likewise some centralised photovoltaic (PV) systems, with a total capacity of approximately 400 MW, have been installed to supply the electricity grid, most of them in Peru. Yet the number of systems and the power generated are marginal in relation to regional power consumption. Some countries, such as Peru, have more PV power connected to the network than in rural off-grid schemes, which reveals the lack of planning and prioritisation of governments, as it is known that local off-grid systems can reduce energy poverty. Low-Carbon Development in Latin America and the Caribbean: Evolution, experiences and challenges 19PDF Image | Low-Carbon Development in Latin America
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