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Annex One: Methodology A1.1 DIFFERENT MEASURES OF COST Cost can be measured in a number of different ways, and each way of accounting for the cost of power generation brings its own insights. The costs that can be examined include equipment costs (e.g. PV modules), financing costs, total installed cost, fixed and variable operating and maintenance costs (O&M), fuel costs and the levelised cost of energy (LCOE), if any. The analysis of costs can be very detailed, but for comparison purposes and transparency, the approach used here is a simplified one. This allows greater scrutiny of the underlying data and assumptions, improves transparency and confidence in the analysis, and also facilitates the comparison of costs by country or region for the same technologies in order to identify the key drivers in any differences. The three indicators that have been selected are: • Equipment cost (factory gate FOB and delivered at site CIF); • Total installed project cost, including fixed financing costs30; and • The levelised cost of electricity, LCOE. The analysis in this paper focuses on estimating the costs of renewables from the perspective of private investors, whether they are a state‐owned electricity generation utility, an independent power producer or an individual or community looking to invest in small‐scale renewables. The analysis excludes the impact of government incentives or subsidies, system balancing costs associated with variable renewables and any system‐wide cost‐savings from the merit order effect31. Furthermore, the analysis does not take into account any CO2 pricing, nor the benefits of renewables in reducing other externalities (e.g. reduced local air pollution or contamination of the natural environment). Similarly, the benefits of renewables being insulated from volatile fossil fuel prices have not been quantified. These issues are important, but are covered by other programmes of work at IRENA. 30 Banks or other financial institutions will often charge a fee, such as a percentage of the total funds sought, to arrange the debt financing of a project. These costs are often reported separately under project development costs. 31 See EWEA, Wind Energy and Electricity Prices, April 2010 for a discussion. 80 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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