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100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Africa Latin America Other Asia China India FIGURE 8.4: PROJECT CAPACITY FACTORS AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES OF BIOMASS-FIRED ELECTRICITY GENERATION SYSTEMS IN NON-OECD COUNTRIES SOURCE: IRENA RENEWABLE COST DATABASE. 8.5 THE LEVELISED COST OF ELECTRICITY FROM BIOMASS-FIRED POWER GENERATION The range of biomass‐fired power generation technologies and feedstock costs result in a large range for the LCOE of biomass‐fired power generation. The range can be wide, even within individual technologies, as different configura‐ tions, feedstocks, fuel handling and, in the case of gasifica‐ tion, gas clean‐up requirements can lead to very different installed costs and efficiencies for a “single” technology. Figure 8.5 summarises the range of costs that are possible for the core biomass power generation technologies in OECD countries when the low and high estimates of investment costs and feedstock costs are examined. Assuming a cost of capital of 10% and feedstock costs between USD 1 and USD 9/GJ, the LCOE of biomass‐fired electricity generation ranges from a low of USD 0.06/kWh to a high of USD 0.29/kWh in the OECD. Where capital costs are low and low‐cost feedstocks are available, bioenergy can provide competitively priced, dispatchable electricity generation with an LCOE as low as around USD 0.06/kWh. Many of the low‐cost opportunities to develop bioenergy‐fired power plants will therefore be in taking advantage of existing forestry or agricultural residues and wastes (e.g. from the pulp and paper, forestry, food and agricultural industries) where low‐cost feedstocks and sometimes handling facilities are available to keep feedstock and capital costs low. The development of competitive supply chains for feedstocks is therefore very important in making bioenergy‐fired power generation competitive. This is the pattern seen in non‐OECD countries where biomass costs for most projects are typically in the range of USD 1.3 and USD 2.5/GJ from agricultural residues (e.g. bagasse, rice husks, etc.) or forestry or wood processing residues. These projects, using simple and cheap combustion technologies27 can have very competitive LCOEs (Figure 8.5). Low LCOEs are generally required to make the projects financially viable, as no or very low subsidies are usually available. However, even higher‐cost projects in certain non‐OECD countries will be attractive because they provide security of supply where brown‐outs and black‐outs can be particularly problematic for the efficiency of industrial processes. However, the results in Figure 8.5 for non‐OECD countries need to be treated with caution, because many of the projects are not greenfield and take advantage of existing feedstock storage and handling facilities, and may also take steam from existing boilers. 27 An important caveat is that these will often not meet stringent air quality standards. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 71 Capacity factorPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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