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8.3 BIOMASS-FIRED POWER GENERATION OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS Fixed O&M costs for biomass power plants typically range from 1% to 6% of the initial CAPEX per year (Table 8.3). Fixed O&M costs consist of labour, scheduled maintenance, routine component/equipment replacement (for boilers, gasifiers, feedstock handling equipment, etc.), insurance, etc. The larger the plant, the lower the specific (per kW) fixed O&M costs, due to the impact of economies of scale, particularly for the labour required. Variable O&M costs depend on the output of the system and are usually expressed as a value per unit of output (USD/kWh). They include non‐biomass fuel costs, ash disposal, unplanned maintenance, equipment replacement and incremental servicing costs. Available data often combines fixed and variable O&M costs into one number, so a breakdown between fixed and variable O&M costs is often not possible. TABLE 8.3: FIXED AND VARIABLE OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR BIOMASS POWER Fixed O&M (% of CAPEX/year) Variable O&M (USD/MWh) Stoker/BFB/CFB boilers 3.2 - 4.2 3.8 - 4.7 Gasifier 3- 6 3.7 Anearobic digester 2.1 - 3.2 2.3 - 7 4.2 Landfill gas 11 - 20 n.a. Note: BFB = bubbling fluidised bed and CFB = circulating fluidised bed. 8.4 BIOMASS-FIRED POWER GENERATION CAPACITY FACTORS AND EFFICIENCY Although biomass‐fired electricity plants can achieve availabilities in the range 85% to 90%, they will not always operate at these levels. Systems relying on agricultural residues in particular, may not have access to year‐round supplies of low‐cost feedstock and may find it uneconomic to purchase alternative supplies to achieve a high overall capacity factor for the entire year. This is illustrated in Figure 8.4, where the lower capacity factors for projects in Latin America represent the impact SOURCES: US DOA, 2007; US EPA, 2009; AND MOTT MACDONALD, 2011. of a large number of bagasse‐fired projects that will only operate around the harvesting period until they exhaust the available feedstock supply. The assumed net electrical efficiency (after accounting for feedstock handling) of the prime mover (generator) is assumed to average 35% and varies between 31% for wood gasifiers to a high of 36% for stoker/CFB/BFB and anaerobic digestion systems (Mott MacDonald, 2011). Biomass integrated gasification combined cycle (BIGCC) systems should achieve higher efficiencies but would require higher capital costs. 70 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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