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7.3 CAPACITY FACTORS FOR CSP CSP technologies require large quantities (>5 kWh/m2/day) of direct normal irradiance (DNI) in order to function and be economic. Unlike photovoltaic technologies they cannot operate on diffuse or scattered irradiance as well. The generation potential of a solar CSP plant is therefore largely determined by the prevailing DNI, which obviously depends on average meteorological conditions over a year. However, the direct solar irradiance on any particular day will be determined by meteorological factors (e.g. cloud cover, humidity) and local environmental factors (e.g. local air pollution, dust). Tracking the sun provides a significantly greater energy yield for a given DNI than using a fixed surface, which is why tracking is so important to CSP plants. The relationship between DNI, energy output and LCOE values is strong. Sites with higher DNI will yield more energy, allow greater electricity generation and have a correspondingly lower LCOE. High DNI sites yield more electricity for a given solar multiple (the size of the collector field relative to what is required to drive the power block), but also make higher solar multiples to feed thermal energy stores more attractive. The relationship between DNI and the capacity factor (full load hours) is stronger at higher solar multiples (Figure 7.4). The practical impact of higher DNI on the LCOE of CSP plants with identical design and capital costs is significant. For instance, the LCOE of identical CSP plants will be around one‐quarter lower in good sites in the United States, Algeria or South Africa where the DNI is around 2 700 kWh/m2/year, than for a site in Spain with a DNI of 2 100 kWh/m2/year (A.T. Kearney and ESTELA, 2010). 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 SM4 SM3 SM2 SM1 ANDASOL 1 Nevada Solar 1 2000 2200 2400 2600 2800 Direct normal irradiation [kWh/m2/y] FIGURE 7.4: FULL LOAD HOURS FOR CSP AS A FUNCTION OF DIRECT NORMAL IRRADIATION AND THE SOLAR MULTIPLE Note: SM1 = solar multiple of one, SM2 = solar multiple of two, etc. SOURCE: TRIEB, ET AL., 2009. The importance of the solar multiple is highlighted in Figure 7.4. To guarantee that the power block is effectively used during the year, the solar multiple is usually larger than unity and is typically between 1.3 and 1.4 for plants without thermal energy storage. 62 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview Annual full load hours [h/y]PDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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