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technologies, hydropower is still the only technology offering economically viable large‐scale storage. Hydropower plants can be constructed in a variety of sizes and with different characteristics. In addition to the importance of the head (height of the water drop to the turbine) and flow rate, hydropower schemes can be put into the following categories: • Run‐of‐river hydropower projects have no, or very little, storage capacity behind their dams and generation is dependent on the timing and size of river flows. • Reservoir (storage) hydropower schemes have the ability to store water behind the dam in order to de‐couple generation from hydro inflows. Reservoir capacities can be small or very large, depending on the characteristics of the site and the economics of dam construction. • Pumped storage hydropower schemes use off‐ peak electricity to pump water from one reservoir to a higher reservoir, so that the pumped storage water can be used for generation at peak times and provide grid stability and flexibility services. Hydropower is a capital‐intensive technology with long lead times for development and construction due to the significant feasibility, planning, design and civil engineering works required. There are two major cost components for hydropower projects: • The civil works for the hydropower plant construction, including any infrastructure development required to access the site and the project development costs. • The costs related to electro‐mechanical equipment. Project development costs include planning and feasibility assessments, environmental impact analysis, licensing, fish and wildlife/biodiversity mitigation measures, development of recreational amenities, historical and archaeological mitigation, and water quality monitoring and mitigation. The cost breakdown of an indicative 500 MW new greenfield hydropower project in the United States is presented in Figure 5.1. The civil works associated with the dam/reservoir account for just over one‐quarter of the total costs, while penstocks, tailraces and tunnelling add another 14%. The powerhouse, shafts and electro‐mechanical equipment together account for 30% of the total costs. The long lead times for these types of hydropower projects (7‐9 years) mean that owner costs (including the project development costs) can be a significant portion of the overall costs due to the need for working capital and interest during construction. Total: USD 3500/kW ± 35% Powerhouse and shafts 14% Owner's cost 23% Engineering, procurement & construction management 7% Powerhouse equipment 16% Dam/reservoir civil engineering 26% Penstocks/tunnel/ tailraces 14% FIGURE 5.1: COST BREAKDOWN OF AN INDICATIVE 500 MW GREENFIELD HYDROPOWER PROJECT IN THE UNITED STATES SOURCE: BLACK AND VEATCH, 2012. 40 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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