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TABLE 4.4: OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS FOR ONSHORE WIND PROJECTS BY COUNTRY Variable (2011 USD/kWh) Fixed (2011 USD/kW) Austria 0.038 Denmark 0.0144 - 0.018 Finland 35 - 38 Germany 64 Italy 47 Japan 71 The Netherlands 0.013 – 0.017 35 Norway 0.020 – 0.037 Spain 0.027 Sweden 0.010 – 0.033 Switzerland 0.043 United States 0.010 O&M costs for offshore wind farms are significantly higher than for onshore wind farms due to the higher costs involved in accessing and conducting maintenance on the wind turbines, cabling and towers. Maintenance costs are also higher as a result of the harsh marine environment and the higher expected failure rate for some components. Overall, O&M costs are expected to be in the range of USD 0.027 to USD 0.054/kWh (ECN, 2011). Given that offshore wind farms are at the beginning of their deployment phase, O&M costs remain highly project‐specific and it will take time for learning to reduce costs and for a clear trend to emerge. However, it is clear that reducing O&M costs for offshore wind farms remains a key challenge and one that will help improve the economics of offshore wind. 4.4 THE LEVELISED COST OF WIND ELECTRICITY The levelised costs of electricity for wind power systems are set by total capital costs, wind resource quality, technical characteristics of the wind turbines, operations and maintenance costs and the discount rate. SOURCE: IEA WIND, 2011B. Based on the data and analysis presented earlier, wind turbine costs in 2011 ranged from around USD 600/kW in China up to around USD 1 350/kW in developed countries. Wind turbine prices in 2012 are likely to be lower than their 2011 values and be in the range USD 900 to USD 1 300/kW in developed countries. Total installed costs are starting to come down in line with reductions in wind turbine costs, with initial data for the United States suggesting that total installed costs have come down from around USD 2 100/kW in 2011 to around USD 1 750/kW for the projects with data for 2012. Similar cost reductions are likely to be seen in other OECD markets. Operations and maintenance costs vary from a best practice case of around USD 0.01/kWh in the United States to a more typical USD 0.025/kWh in Europe. Figure 4.8 presents the LCOE of wind power by region and country outside of the OECD assuming a 10% cost of capital. As can be seen, average costs are in the range of USD 0.08 to USD 0.12/kWh. China and India have the lowest estimated costs of electricity from wind, but the LCOE of wind is also competitive in Latin America and Africa, where good resources are available. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 37PDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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