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Figure 4.7 presents the ranges for wind farm capacity factors for current and to‐be‐commissioned projects by region where data are available. Weighted average capacity factors varied by region between around 25% for China and 42% for Latin America. By comparison, new projects in the United States in 2011 had average capacity factors of 33%, with the range between 18% and 53% (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012). The capacity factor ranges for Africa and Latin America are similar to those in the United States. China’s capacity factors are similar to the European pattern, although curtailments due to grid constraints in China means the average capacity factor for dispatched generation is closer to 20%. 0.7 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 China Africa Eastern Europe and Central Asia Other Asia India Latin America FIGURE 4.7: CAPACITY FACTORS AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES FOR COMMISSIONED AND PROPOSED LARGE WIND FARMS (>5 MW) IN NON-OECD REGIONS SOURCE: IRENA RENEWABLE COST DATABASE. 4.3 OPERATIONS AND MAINTENANCE COSTS The fixed and variable operations and maintenance (O&M) costs are a significant part of the overall LCOE of wind power. O&M costs typically account for 20% to 25% of the total LCOE of current wind power systems (EWEA, 2009). Data for actual O&M costs from commissioned projects are not widely available. Even where data are available, care must be taken in extrapolating historical O&M costs given the dramatic changes that have occurred in wind turbine technology over the last two decades. However, it is clear that annual average O&M costs of wind power systems have declined substantially since 1980. In the United States, data for completed projects suggest that total O&M costs (fixed and variable) have declined from around USD 0.03/kWh for 24 projects that were completed in the 1980s, to USD 0.02/kWh for 27 projects installed in the 1990s, and to USD 0.01/kWh for the 65 projects installed in the 2000s (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012). Unfortunately, not all sources separate out fixed and variable O&M costs, and it is not uncommon for O&M costs to be quoted as a total of USD/kW/year. O&M costs appear to be the lowest in the United States at around USD 0.01/kWh, perhaps due to the scale of the market and the country’s long experience with wind power. European countries tend to have higher cost structures for O&M for onshore wind projects (Table 4.4) where an average value of between USD 0.02 and USD 0.03/kWh is the norm. 36 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview Capacity factorPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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