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The largest cost component for offshore wind farms is still the wind turbine, but it accounts for less than half (44%) of the total capital costs (Douglas Westwood, 2010). Based on price assessment of wind turbines of the major manufacturers, and other research into the component costs, it was estimated that the average price of an offshore wind turbine was around USD 1 970/kW (Douglas Westwood, 2010). The foundations, electrical infrastructure, installation and project planning all account 16%, 17%, 13% and 10% of the total costs, respectively. According to the estimates of Douglas Westwood, the current capital cost of the offshore wind power system for typical shallow water and semi‐near shore conditions in the UK is USD 4 471/kW which is around 2.5 times higher than onshore. It should be noted that offshore wind farm costs increased in the decade to 2012 as experience with the complexities of offshore wind farms grew. 4.2 CAPACITY FACTORS FOR WIND POWER As wind speed increases, the amount of available energy increases, following a cubic function. A doubling of wind speed increases the power output of a wind turbine by a factor of eight (EWEA, 2009). There are therefore considerable economic incentives to the siting of wind farms in areas with high average wind speeds. In addition, wind generally blows more consistently at higher speeds at greater heights. For instance, a fivefold increase in the height of a wind turbine above the prevailing terrain can result in twice as much wind power. Increased height also allows larger rotor blade diameters, which is important because the maximum energy than can be harnessed by a wind turbine is roughly proportional to the swept area of the rotor. By doubling the rotor diameter, the swept area, and therefore the power output is increased by a factor of four. Higher hub heights and larger swept areas have therefore played a role in increasing the average capacity factors of wind farms, as larger turbines will achieve higher capacity factors at the same site. For instance, the standard wind turbine technology from 2002/2003 at a wind site with a 6/metres/second wind speed would have yielded a capacity factor of around 0.22, while today’s standard technology would yield a capacity factor of 0.29 and today’s technologies specifically designed for low‐wind speed regimes could boost that to as high as 0.37 (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012). The net impact of these trends can be difficult to differentiate, but Figure 4.6 highlights the rise in average capacity factors that has occurred in the United States. In the United States, the capacity‐weighted average capacity factors for projects rose until 2008 (for projects installed in 2007) to around 35%, dipped in 2009 and 2010 at around 31% to 32%, before increasing again in 2011 to around 33% (Wiser and Bollinger, 2012). 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 Capacity factor (based on estimated generation, if no curtailment) Capacity factor (based on actual generation, with curtailment) FIGURE 4.6: AVERAGE CUMULATIVE CAPACITY FACTOR BY YEAR IN THE UNITED STATES SOURCE: WISER AND BOLLINGER, 2012. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 35 Capacity factorPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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