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1800 1700 1600 1500 1400 1300 1200 1100 1000 900 800 0123456 MW FIGURE 4.4: TOTAL INSTALLED COSTS OF COMMISSIONED AND PROPOSED SMALL WIND FARMS IN INDIA (<5MW) SOURCE: IRENA RENEWABLE COST DATABASE. Small wind turbines for rural electrification carry significantly higher costs, with installed costs of USD 10 000/kW for a 1 kW turbine, USD 5 000/kW for a 5 kW turbine and USD 2 500/kW for a 250 kW machine being representative for Africa (Klimbie, 2012). 4.1.3 TOTAL INSTALLED COSTS OFFSHORE The installed costs of offshore wind power are typically twice that of onshore wind energy projects, but can be even higher (Figure 4.5). The higher cost is due to increased investments in laying cables offshore, constructing expensive foundations at sea, transporting materials and turbines to the wind farm, and installing foundations, equipment and the turbines themselves. The turbines themselves, although based on onshore designs, are also somewhat more expensive. They need to be designed with additional protection against corrosion and the harsh marine environment to help reduce maintenance costs, which are also higher offshore (Douglas Westwood, 2010). 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 0 CRA Base Case EIA AEO 2010 EIA AEO 2011 (2010) IEA ETP 2010 NAS NRC (2009) EPA (2010) NREL Offshore 2010 Offshore Wind FIGURE 4.5: ESTIMATED TOTAL INSTALLED COSTS FOR OFFSHORE WIND FARMS SOURCE: DOUGLAS WESTWOOD, 2010. 34 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview Overnight capital cost (2011 USD/kW) 2011 USD/kWPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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