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4. WIND POWER Wind power technologies come in a variety of sizes and styles although they can generally be categorised by whether they are horizontal axis or vertical axis wind turbines, and whether they are located onshore or offshore. Power generation of wind turbines is determined by the capacity of the turbine (in kW or MW), the wind speed, the height of the turbine and the diameter of its rotors. The principal determinants of the LCOE of wind power systems include capital costs, operation and maintenance costs, and the expected annual energy production. Assessing the cost of a wind power system requires careful evaluation of all of these components over the life of the project. The following sections look at the latest trends in these components. The key findings from the analysis for wind include: • Total installed costs are declining again after having increased between 2004 and 2008/2009. • Wind turbine costs, driven by a global overcapacity at wind turbine manufacturers, are declining and have fallen by around a quarter from their 2009 peak in the United States. There remain large discrepancies between Chinese turbine prices (USD 630/kW) and those found in the United States in 2012 (USD 900 to USD 1 270/kW), which suggest further price reductions are likely. • With wind turbine prices in decline and capacity factors improving, the LCOE of wind is again declining after a period of increases, with this being reflected in power purchase agreements signed in 2012 in the United States. 4.1 WIND POWER CAPITAL COSTS The installed cost of a wind power project is dominated by the upfront capital cost for the wind turbines (including towers and installation) which can account for as much as 84% of the total installed cost. The capital costs of a wind power project can be broken down into the following major categories: • The turbine cost: Including rotor, blades, nacelle, tower and transformer; • Civil works: Including construction costs for site preparation and the foundations for the towers; • Grid connection costs: This can include transformers and sub‐stations, as well as the connection to the local distribution or transmission network; • Planning and project costs: These can represent a significant proportion of total costs; and • Other capital costs: These can include the construction of roads, buildings, control systems, etc. Figure 4.1 presents the breakdown in total costs for a typical onshore wind farm. These values can vary depending on the country, the project, and the wind turbines used, which by themselves can account for between 64% and 84% of total installed costs. Similarly grid connection costs can vary between 9% and 14%, construction and civil works from 4% to 16%, while other capital costs typically range between 4% and 10%. 28 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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