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In India, weighted average hydropower costs are between USD 0.04 and USD 0.05/kWh for small‐ and large‐scale projects. Large‐scale wind projects have average costs of around USD 0.075/kWh, while small‐scale (<5 MW) projects have average costs of USD 0.083/kWh. Biomass‐ fired power generation costs averaged between USD 0.045 and USD 0.06/kWh assuming feedstock costs of between USD 1.3 and USD 2.5/GJ. The average LCOE of utility‐scale solar PV was around USD 0.26/kWh, due to higher capital costs for the projects identified. The most recent projects for 2012 have much more competitive installed costs and appear to be closer to the Chinese average costs, with the best projects likely to have average costs of just USD 1.7/W. In the rest of Asia the weighted average costs for biomass, solar PV and wind are all higher than in India and China. The Philippines and Indonesia both make extensive use of their excellent geothermal resources and the estimated LCOE for their geothermal power projects is around USD 0.05/kWh, assuming these projects can meet their projected high capacity factors of 80% to 90% over their entire project life. The average cost of hydropower projects in other Asian countries are very similar to those in China and India, and the region as a whole seems to share a similar cost structure. The abundant bioenergy and hydropower resources in Latin America allow very competitive electricity generation from these two sources. The installed costs for wind are higher than in China and India, but good wind resources in many locations means the weighted average LCOE is around USD 0.09/kWh, with the best projects producing electricity for just USD 0.05/kWh. Although only a small sample of large‐scale solar PV projects have sufficient data to be analysed, excellent solar resources in Peru and Chile, coupled with competitive costs for large‐scale projects and the very high capacity factors achievable (27% or more), mean that some projects in these countries are as competitive as anywhere in the world. The available data for renewable projects in Africa is thinner than for some other regions, but the costs follow a similar pattern to Latin America, with the exception that the LCOE of large hydro tends to be higher than for small hydro. Insufficient data is available to provide a definitive explanation of this finding, but poorer infrastructure, high grid connection/reinforcement costs for remote projects and multi‐purpose dams probably all contribute. Collecting more data for Africa to verify if this data is accurate and the reasons for this is a priority. Box 2.3 THE COST OF RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION ON ISLANDS The increasing competitiveness of renewables is a welcome development for island states, particularly the least developed ones, as their reliance on diesel‐fired generation is not only expensive (due to high oil prices and the generally low average efficiency of generation), but also threaten the islands’ energy and economic security. However, the barriers faced by islands to the deployment of renewable technologies are often more challenging than in other locations. With some exceptions, islands typically represent small, dispersed markets that cannot benefit from economies of scale and highly competitive supplier markets. Islands also have higher transport costs (sometimes much higher in the case of outer islands) and higher margins for the costs of procuring the balance of system components, the need to move qualified personnel between islands means installation costs will also be higher. Transaction costs and project development costs will also be higher due to small‐scale island markets and their geographically dispersed nature. All these factors contribute to higher installed costs for renewable projects on islands than on the mainland. Despite these barriers renewables are becoming an increasingly competitive option for islands to meet the demand for electricity demand growth, reduce diesel costs and replace diesel generators at the end of their economic life. As can be seen in Figure 2.4, renewable power generation options represent a competitive solution for meeting demand growth, particularly for remote off‐ grid electrification and for outer islands, where diesel costs are high and logistical problems (e.g. infrequent shipping schedules, inadequate port facilities, long lead times for parts, etc.) make renewables particularly 22 Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An OverviewPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
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