PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 007
The rapid growth in the deployment of solar and wind is driving a convergence in electricity generation costs for renewable power generation technologies at low levels. It is not possible to identify a clear cost hierarchy for renewable technologies, as each technology has its own supply curve that can vary significantly by country, or even region within a country, depending on the resource availability and the local cost structure. However, an important observation is that there is a general hierarchy for renewable power generation in terms of costs and the scale of available resources. When excellent local resources are available, mature technologies, such as biomass, geothermal and hydropower, can all produce electricity at very competitive costs, although in limited quantities. Onshore wind is typically the next most economic, followed by solar PV and CSP, but the resource availability of these technologies globally is many times that of the mature technologies. In the past, renewable technologies with the largest resource potential therefore also had high costs. The much larger wind and solar resources and their cost reduction potentials have helped spur support for wind and solar technologies in order to provide a larger share of power generation from renewables. As a result, as the deployment of wind and solar has increased, we are seeing a reduction in the costs of wind and solar technologies and a convergence in the LCOE of renewable technologies at low levels. How far this convergence will go remains to be seen, but it will continue in the short‐ to medium‐term given the current manufacturing overcapacity for wind and solar PV. The costs of renewables are very site specific, and resources are distributed unevenly across regions, countries and within a country. There is therefore no single “true” LCOE value for each renewable power generation technology. It is thus vital to collect national data to analyse renewable power generation costs and potentials. This analysis is further complicated by the impact of variable renewables, which need to be analysed with a system‐based approach. However, although a change in thinking is required in network operation, electricity storage or increased system flexibility with incremental system costs will typically only be needed when variable renewables reach 20‐50% of total system capacity. Systems integration costs will vary widely and can be significantly reduced through proper system design. 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.0 OECD Europe OECD North America Africa Eastern Europe and Central Asia Other Asia China India Latin America FIGURE ES.1: TYPICAL LCOE RANGES AND WEIGHTED AVERAGES FOR RENEWABLE POWER GENERATION TECHNOLOGIES BY REGION, 2012 Note: The bars represent the typical LCOE range and the black horizontal bars the weighted average LCOE if enough individual project data are available. Figures assume a 10% cost of capital and biomass costs of between USD 1.3 and USD 2.5/GJ in non-OECD countries and between USD 1.3 and USD 9/GJ in OECD countries. Renewable Power Generation Costs in 2012: An Overview 5 Onshore wind Offshore wind CSP Solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal Onshore wind CSP Large solar PV Biomass Hydro small Hydro large Geothermal 2011 USD/kWhPDF Image | International Renewable Energy Agency
PDF Search Title:
International Renewable Energy AgencyOriginal File Name Searched:
Overview_Renewable_Power_Generation_Costs_in_2012.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)