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International Nordic Bioenergy 2003 conference automation is necessary. Other important factors are good partial load behaviour and the ability to handle quick load changes. Overall electric plant efficiency should be between 12 and 20%. A high number of full load operation hours and high overall efficiency are crucial factors for economical performance. Appropriate feed-in tariffs for electricity from biomass as well as a certain period of time over which these tariffs are guaranteed (at least 10 years) are essential in order to drive market introduction of small- scale biomass CHP technologies forward. These framework conditions are crucial for initiating serial production of such CHP systems, which is the most important factor for cost reduction, as capital costs account for about 60% of total electricity production costs. The ORC and the Stirling engine technologies described in this paper have proven their applicability for small-scale biomass CHP plants and represent an interesting future potential in this field. 5 REFERENCES 1 OBERNBERGER, I.; HAMMERSCHMID, A., 1999: Dezentrale Biomasse-Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungs- technologien – Potential, technische und wirtschaft- liche Bewertung, Einsatzgebiete. Schriftenreihe "Thermische Biomassenutzung", Band 4, ISBN 3- 7041-0261-X, dbv-Verlag der Technischen Universität Graz, Austria, 1999 2 BINI, R.; MANCIANA, E., 1996: Organic Rankine Cycle Turbogenerators for Combined Heat and Power Production from Biomass. In: Proceedings of the 3rd Munich Discussion Meeting 1996, ZAE Bayern (ed.), Munich, Germany, 1996 3 SCHEIDEGGER K., GAIA M., BINI R., BERTUZZI P., 2000: Small Scale Biomass Powered CHP Plants Featuring Thermal Oil Boiler and Organic Rankine Cycle Turbogenerators. In: Proceeding of the 1st World Conference and Exhibitions on Biomass for Energy and Industry, June 2000, Sevilla, Spain, ISBN 1-902916-15-8, Volume II, James&James Ltd. (ed), London, UK, pp.1343-1345 4 STADTWÄRME LIENZ, 2003: Wärme und Strom für die Stadt Lienz. info@stadtwaerme-lienz.at 5 OBERNBERGER I., HAMMERSCHMID A., BINI R., 2001: Biomasse-Kraft-Wärme-Kopplungen auf Basis des ORC-Prozesses - EU-THERMIE-Projekt Admont (A). In: Tagungsband zur VDI-Tagung „Thermische Nutzung von fester Biomasse“, Salzburg, Mai 2001, VDI Bericht 1588, ISBN 3-18- 091588-9, VDI-Gesellschaft Energietechnik (ed.), Düsseldorf, Deutschland, pp. 283-302 6 OBERNBERGER I., BINI R., NEUNER H., PREVEDEN Z., 2001: Biomass fired CHP plant based on an ORC cycle – project ORC-STIA-Admont. final report of the EU-THERMIE project No. BM/120/98, European Commission, DG TREN (ed.), Brussels, Belgium, 2001 7 OBERNBERGER I., THONHOFER P., REISENHOFER E., 2002: Description and evaluation of the new 1,000 kWel Organic Rankine Cycle process integrated in the biomass CHP plant in Lienz, Austria. In: Euroheat & Power, Volume 10/2002, pp.18-25 8 OBERNBERGER I., BRUNNER T., JÖLLER M., 2001: Characterisation and Formation of Aerosols and Fly-Ashes from Fixed-Bed Biomass Combustion. In: Proceedings of the international IEA Seminar “Aerosols in Biomass Combustion”, Zuerich, Switzerland, ISBN 3-908705-00-2, pp.69-74, IEA Bioenergy Agreement, Task 32 “Biomass Combustion and Co-Firing” c/o TNO-MEP, Apeldoorn, Netherlands 9 CARLSEN H., TOROPOV V., 1994: Numerical Optimization of Stirling Engine Performance. In: Proceedings of the Second Biennial Joint Conference on Engineering System Design and Analysis, ASME, July 4-7, 1994, London, England, July 4-7, 1994 10 CARLSEN H.; TRÆRUP J., 1996: 40 kW Stirling Engine for Solid Fuel. In: Proceedings of the 31th Intersociety Energy Conversion Engineering Conference, 96461, August 11 - 18, 1996, Washington DC, USA, 1996 11 CARLSEN H., BOVIN J., 2002: Results from tests of a Stirling engine and wood chips gasifier plant. In: Proceedings of the European Stirling Forum 2002, Osnabrück, September 2002, Peter Beck, ECOS (ed.), Germany, 2002PDF Image | FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP
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