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International Nordic Bioenergy 2003 conference combustion is transferred directly to the panels. Narrow passages in the hot heat exchanger sections are avoided in order to adapt the system to flue gases from combustion systems fired with solid fuels. The engine is designed as a hermetically sealed unit. The built-in asynchronous generator, which is also used as starter motor, has 6 poles corresponding to an engine speed of approximately 1000 rpm when coupled directly to the power grid (50 Hz AC). The design of the SM3C Stirling engine for the plant described here is based on experiences from a first and a second prototype, which have already been tested. The first prototype, SM3A, was tested for more than 1,400 hours with wood chips as fuel, before the tests had to be stopped due to mechanical problems [10]. The second engine, SM3B, was improved considerably compared to the first engine, and the test results were very satisfactory [11]. Table 2. Specifications of the 35 kWel Stirling engine rod coolers, but the system has been considerably improved and the results have been very satisfactory. The objective is to obtain replacement intervals of 15,000 hours of operation. The new design of the hot heat exchanger was necessary in order to adapt it to a maximum flue gas temperature in the combustion chamber of 1,300oC (the first and the second prototype were designed for flue gas temperatures of 1,600 °C). As a consequence of the reduction of the maximum temperature in the combustion chamber, the mass flow of flue gas had to be increased. Furthermore, less heat is transferred as radiation compared to the previous design. Nominal electric power Bore Stroke Number of cylinders Speed Mean pressure Working gas Heater temperature Engine weight kW 35 mm 142 mm 76 4 rpm 1,010 Mpa 5 Helium K 1,020 1,600 Figure 7. 35 kW Stirling engine before installation in the furnace The hot heat exchanger consists of 23 tubes with an outside diameter of 13.7 mm. The tubes are U-formed connecting the cylinder manifold with the regenerator manifold. In the old design, half of these tubes formed the radiation panel of the hot heat exchanger, while the other half were responsible for the convective heat transfer. As shown in Figure 6 the new design has only 12 half-tubes for the radiation part, while the remaining 36 half-tubes are used for convective heat transfer. Fins are used for enhancing the heat transfer area. Figure 7 shows the engine with the hot heat exchanger ready for installation in the furnace. The water-cooled generator, which is part of the hermetically sealed design, can be seen in front. The specifications of the new Stirling engine are shown in Table 2. The improvements of this engine compared to the first and the second prototype are improved reliability of the crank mechanism, improved cooling of the piston rod seals and a new design of the hot heat exchanger. The dimensions of the yokes in the patented crank mechanism were increased in order to improve rupture strength. Furthermore, several bearings were replaced with a larger type, thus improving the lifetime of the engine. AA Convection Cyl. vol. Regenerator Flue gas flow Radiation View A-A Figure 6. Sketch of hot heat exchanger panel A new piston rod cooling system was tested on engine No. 2 (SM3B), but the design was very complicated. Cooling of the piston rod improves the lifetime of the seal and considerably extends service intervals, as the piston rod seal is a dynamic seal and thus subjected to the highest load. The new engine is also provided with piston Figure 8: Pictures of the small-scale CHP pilot plant with a 35 kWel Stirling engine A small-scale CHP plant for biomass fuels based on the Stirling engine described above was developed and designed in cooperation between MAWERA Holzfeuerungsanlagen GmbH, an Austrian Biomass furnace and boiler manufacturer, the Technical University of Denmark and BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH,PDF Image | FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP
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