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International Nordic Bioenergy 2003 conference STATE-OF-THE-ART AND FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP SYSTEMS WITH A SPECIAL FOCUS ON ORC AND STIRLING ENGINE TECHNOLOGIES I. Obernberger BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH Sandg. 47 A-8010 Graz, Austria Email: obernberger@bios-bioenergy.at H. Carlsen Technical University of Denmark Building 403 DK-2800 Lyngby, Denmark Phone: +45 (45) 25 41 71 Fax: +45 (45) 93 06 63 Email: henrik.carlsen@et.dtu.dk F. Biedermann BIOS BIOENERGIESYSTEME GmbH Sandg. 47 A-8010 Graz, Austria Phone: +43 (316) 481300 Fax: +43 (316) 481300 4 Email: biedermann@bios-bioenergy.at ABSTRACT: Within the scope of a comprehensive study and two development and demonstration projects, various technologies in the power range of up to 2 MWel for small-scale biomass-fired CHP plants have been investigated, evaluated and compared considering technical as well as economic aspects. Such plants should normally be operated on a heat-controlled basis in order to achieve a high overall efficiency and should run for more than 5,000 annual full load operating hours to ensure economical operation. Two of the technologies examined are very promising and innovative: the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) process and the Stirling engine process. The ORC process represents an economically interesting technology for small-scale biomass-fired combined heat and power plants in a power range between 400 and 1,500 kWel. A newly developed ORC technology with a nominal electric capacity of 1,000 kW was implemented in the biomass CHP plant Lienz (A) in the framework of an EU demonstration project. This plant was put in operation in February 2001. Stirling engines are a promising solution for installations with nominal electric capacities between 10 and 150 kW. A biomass CHP pilot plant based on a 35 kWel-Stirling engine was developed and put into operation in the end of summer 2002. Up to the end of June 2003 the plant has run for more than 4,300 hours with very promising results. Keywords: Biomass combustion, combined heat and power (CHP), Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) process, Stirling engine process. 1 INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES Some innovative technologies for electricity production in the power range of up to 2 MWel have recently been newly developed or improved, thus rendering them suitable for application in small-scale biomass-fired CHP plants. In a study various CHP technologies have been investigated, evaluated and compared considering technical (technical side constraints, operating characteristics, process control, partial load behaviour, maintenance requirements, environmental aspects, state of development) as well as economic (investment and electricity production costs) aspects [1]. Among them are two innovative technologies based on biomass combustion which are of high interest for small-scale biomass CHP plants. These technologies are the Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) process and the Stirling engine process. The ORC process has attained a high level of development and demonstration units are already in operation. This technology is applicable for small-scale biomass CHP plants with nominal electric capacities between 400 and 1,500 kW. For small-scale CHP systems using biomass as fuel Stirling engines are a promising solution for installations with nominal electric capacities between 10 and 150 kW. The objective of this paper is to give an overview about the state-of-development, about the operating experiences already obtained as well as about the future development potential of these two innovative small-scale biomass CHP technologies. Moreover, the paper points out the constraints which have to be considered or which are given when implementing a small-scale biomass CHP plant. 2 TECHNOLOGIES AND CONSTRAINTS FOR THE APPLICATION OF SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP PLANTS Typical fields of application for small-scale biomass-fired CHP plants are wood-processing industries and sawmills, district heating systems (newly erected or retrofitted systems) as well as industries with a high process heat demand. These applications represent a great market potential in Europe. Due to the relatively low electric efficiency achievable with small-scale CHP plants, a basic requirement for an ecological and cost-effective operation of such plants is that not only the electricity but also the heat produced can be utilised as process or district heat (heat-controlled operation of the overall system). The following technologies are available for CHP plants based on biomass combustion: • Steam turbine process • Steam piston engine processPDF Image | FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS REGARDING SMALL-SCALE BIOMASS CHP
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