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5. Conclusions This work is devoted to the understanding of transonic flows of dense gases of the Bethe- Zel’dovich-Thompson (BZT) type, and to their possible exploitation as working fluids in Organic Rankine Cycles. All the studies previously made concerned basically the analysis of the flow in the BZT region, i.e. the thermodynamic region above the upper saturation curve where the fluid exhibits negative values of the Fundamental Derivative, i.e. the inversion zone. This operating region is particularly attractive because of the exotic gas dynamic behaviors which appear in the transonic and supersonic regime, namely, the disintegration of compression shock waves. Unfortunately, the design of ORCs operating the fluid expansion entirely within the inversion zone is made unpractical by its very limited extent in terms of pressure and temperature ranges. Results presented in this work demonstrate that it is possible to enlarge the cycle operating region also outside the inversion zone while conserving part of the advantages related to the use of BZT working fluids. This is done through a detailed study over a fixed airfoil by changing the freestream conditions of pressure, temperature and Mach number. At the same time, shape optimizations are conducted to show the best performances that it’s possible to obtain with an airfoil, properly optimized for dense gas flows. Inviscid and viscous turbulent flows of a dense gas over an airfoil at transonic speeds have been considered. Analyses of the variation of aerodynamic coefficients with free-stream thermodynamic conditions allow identifying three flow regimes in the range of thermodynamic conditions swept in present calculations, representative of the operating range of an Organic Rankine Cycle turbine. While the drag always increases with free- stream pressure and fundamental derivative Γ, the lift coefficient displays an optimum in the second regime, referred-to as low-pressure transonic BZT regime in the present study, and then drops dramatically. The lift-to-drag ratio is very poor for high Γ∞ flows, but tends to infinity as the free-stream value of the Γ approaches unity from the high-pressure side of the inversion zone. The best compromise solution between high lift and low drag is obtained in the middle regime (the low-pressure BZT regime), for Γ∞ approximately in the range 1 ÷ 1.3: in these conditions, higher lift and significantly reduced wave drag 116PDF Image | ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF DENSE GAS FLOWS: APPLICATION TO ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLES TURBINES
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