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Insights for Policymakers Global demand for water continues to increase whilst freshwater sources are becoming more scarce due to increasing demand for natural resources and the impacts of climate change, particularly in semi-arid and costal/island areas. De- salination of seawater and brackish water can be used to augment the increasing demand for fresh water supplies. However, desalination is a very energy intensive process, often using energy supply from fossil fuel sources which are vulnerable to volatile global market prices as well as logistical supply problems in remote and island communities and are therefore not sustainable. Until now, the majority of desalination plants have been located in regions with high availability and low costs of energy. Current information on desalination shows that only 1% of total desalinated water is based on energy from renewable sources. Renewables are becoming increasingly mainstream and technology prices continue to decline, thus making renewable energy a viable option. With increasing demand for desalinated water in energy-importing countries such as India, China and small islands, there is a large market potential for renewable energy-powered desalination systems worldwide. There are two broad categories of desalination technologies. Thermal desalination uses heat to vaporise fresh water, while membrane desalination (reverse osmosis) uses high pressure from electrically-powered pumps to separate fresh water from seawater or brackish water using a membrane. Policy makers need to consider these different technology choices for desalination and base their decisions on lo- cally available renewable energy sources. For example, solar energy – in particular heat from concentrated solar power (CSP) for thermal desalination and electricity from solar photovoltaic and CSP for membrane desalination – is a key solution in arid regions (e.g. the MENA region) with extensive solar energy potentials, whilst wind energy is of interest for membrane desalination projects in coastal and is- lands communities. While desalination is still costly, declining renewable energy technology deploy- ment costs are expected to bring this cost down in the coming years. This is of particular interest to remote regions and islands with small populations and poor infrastructure for freshwater and electricity transmission and distribution. Water Desalination using Renewable Energy | Technology Brief 1PDF Image | Water Desalination Using Renewable Energy
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