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Table 1 Nominal performance values corresponding to Brayton cycle components at Sandia National Laboratories, as shown in Fig. 1. B.D. Iverson et al. / Applied Energy 111 (2013) 957–970 959 Fig. 1. Layout of split-flow recompression Brayton cycle components. Fig. 2. (a) Typical current system operating conditions at Sandia National Labora- tories and (b) projected system operation by Dostal et al. [30]. Parameter Heater input Pre-cooler Turbine A efficiency Turbine B efficiency Main compressor efficiency Recompressor efficiency Alternator rated power LT recuperator HT recuperator Design point values 780 (kW) 531 (kW) 87% 87% 68% 68% 123 (kW) 610 (kW) 2232 (kW) of secondary importance. Minimum and maximum rotational speed for each TAC is 25,000 rpm and 75,000 rpm, respectively. A recompression cycle requires two recuperative heat exchang- ers, referred to here as high temperature (HT) and low temperature (LT) recuperators. The total low-pressure flow exiting the turbine flows through both recuperators, while the total high-pressure flow exiting the compressors flows through the HT recuperator (only the flow exiting the main compressor passes through the LT recuperator). A third heat exchanger is required to reject heat to maintain the system operating point. Heatric printed circuit heat exchangers (PCHE) were selected for all heat exchanger compo- nents. The flow passages in PCHE’s are etched into 316 stainless steel plates, which are then stacked and diffusion bonded to form the core of the heat exchanger. The resulting components enable an extremely efficient and compact heat exchange. The HT and LT recuperators are designed to transfer 2.3MW and 1.7MW, respectively. In the recompression configuration, the LT recupera- tor duty is only 0.6 MW. The heat rejection PCHE is rated at approximately 0.54 MW, which is sufficient to establish the main compressor inlet CO2 temperature near the critical temperature. The solar heat source is simulated using electrical resistive heating in six shells through which the CO2 flows. Each of the six immersion heaters provides 130 kW of heat input, providing a total heating capacity of 780 kW. With these heaters, there is sufficient power to reach temperatures up to approximately 538 °C. 2.2. Operation The primary objective of testing in this work is to achieve steady operating conditions and then observe the system response to perturbations in operating conditions, thereby simulating a transient solar environment. When operating a power cycle in combination with a solar resource, the potential exists that the di- rect normal insolation (DNI) used to heat the working fluid may decrease drastically during periods of cloud cover. These transients may last for as short as seconds or as long as hours and days. While thermal storage can mitigate the effects of drastic transients, usage of thermal storage to level the power output will be dependent onPDF Image | Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles for solar-thermal energy
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