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Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA

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Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA ( hot-dry-rock-geothermal-energy-development-the-usa )

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Hot Dry Rock Geothermal Energy Development in the USA by David Duchane and Donald Brown Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, 87545, USA INTRODUCTION One of the world's great untapped energy resources lies right beneath our feet in the form of hot dry rock (HDR), the common geologic condition at depth almost everywhere in the world. It has been estimated that there is enough heat in HDR at depths that can be reached with today's drilling technology to supply all the energy needs of the world for centuries to come (Edwards, et al. 1982) Natural sources of steam and hot water have long been used to provide heat and generate electricity at numerous locations (Duchane 1994). In fact, these hydrothermal energy resources, along with hydropower, are among the few nonfossil energy forms that have found widespread commercial application. Undoubtedly, the use of hydrothermal resources will continue to increase but hydrothermal areas are the exception rather than the rule and account for only a small and localized fraction of the world's store of geothermal energy. The real potential for growth in the use of geothermal energy lies in finding an efficient and economic way of extracting heat from the large, ubiquitous HDR resource. HDR Technology. All recent HDR work is based on the concept outlined in a patent issued to the Los Alamos National Laboratory in 1974 (Potter, et al.). That patent describes the formation of a fully-engineered geothermal reservoir in hot, crystalline rock by the application of hydraulic fracturing techniques, and the subsequent circulation of water through that engineered reservoir to mine the thermal energy from the hot rock. For more than two decades, the US Department of Energy (DOE) has sponsored work at Los Alamos directed toward developing heat mining technology to the point where extraction of the energy from HDR is practical and economic. The HDR process is relatively simple: A well is drilled into hot, crystalline rock. Water is then injected at pressures high enough to open the natural joints in the rock. The water flows into the dilating joints and an engineered geothermal reservoir is thereby created. The reservoir consists of a relatively small amount of water dispersed in a large volume of hot rock. The relative dimensions and orientation of the reservoir are determined by the local geologic and in-situ stress conditions, while its ultimate volume is a function of the injection pressures applied and the duration of the hydraulic fracturing operation. Seismic techniques are used to follow the growth of the reservoir and to assess its location and approximate dimensions (House 1987). Using the microseismic data as a guide, one or more additional wells are subsequently drilled into the engineered reservoir at some distance from the first well. In a properly engineered HDR reservoir, there are a number of fluid-flow pathways between the injection and production wellbores To operate the heat mine, a high-pressure injection pump is used to circulate water through the engineered reservoir in a closed loop as shown in Figure 1. 1

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