PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 130
III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES heavy metals such as arsenic, boron, lead, mercury, and vanadium. For example, a 34- megawatt double-flash geothermal power plant tapping the high-temperature resource in the Imperial Valley could produce up to 50 tonnes of sludge every 24 hours. Valuable metals might be extracted from such sludge before its disposal, and this option has been explored at some Imperial Valley projects, but is not currently economically viable. Some hydrogen sulfide abatement systems produce elemental sulfur that is sold or hauled away by sulfur producers 17.6.3.6 Subsidence Subsidence has not been a major issue at existing U.S. geothermal energy facilities. Most geothermal sites in the United States are not in areas that are prone to or affected by local subsidence. Subsidence in the Imperial Valley of California is dealt with as a part of the annual laser-leveling of the irrigated agricultural areas in the valley. 17.6.3.7 Site Related Issues Many of the most promising geothermal resources are located in or near protected areas such as national parks, national monuments, and wilderness, recreation, and scenic areas. Although the average amount of surface area disturbed for the development of geothermal resources is slight in comparison with other forms of energy extraction, location in scenic areas and areas sacred to American Indians are sensitive issues. Noise is a siting issue. Noise from power generation equipment is routinely reduced by blanketing and insulating. Conflicts in multi-use areas with the sacred areas of Native Americans are also another area of concern. 17.6.3.8 Seismicity In the 50-square-mile Geysers region about 90 miles north of San Francisco, there were 3,000 micro earthquakes in 2002, making it one of the most seismically active regions in the United States. Seismic activity increased when the plants began operating, but the number of small earthquakes has increased further, since Calpine began injecting millions of liters of wastewater. The vast majority of the quakes are small, usually magnitude 0 to 2, which can barely be felt. There have been nine earthquakes greater than magnitude 4.0 in the area over the last two decades, the largest being a 4.6. The injections of operating fluid and wastewater at The Geysers are necessary to maintain the production of steam. Small quakes related to injection have been recorded at the Coso field near Little Lake on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada, and at the south end of the Salton Sea in the Imperial Valley of California. Studies have been initiated to evaluate this phenomenon, but it is too early to say whether this will be a significant factor in future geothermal development 17.7 Economics 17.7.1 Trends in Geothermal Investment Because of the site-specific nature of geothermal resources, investment decisions are typically made on a project-by-project basis. The controlling factor is the projected economics of the project. The combination of a Production Tax Credit at the Federal level, if extended, and Renewable Portfolio Standards at the state level should be powerful incentives for the development of geothermal power by improving the economics and providing long- term market stability. Geothermal projects are capital-intensive in an area where investors prefer the lower capital costs and technical risks of natural gas power plants and coal-fired generation. Siting a geothermal facility is also expensive—requiring millions of dollars in up- front expenses for the plant and for permits and processes required for leasing, rights of way, etc. Geothermal developers have approached this most recently by developing previously IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 129PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
PDF Search Title:
Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004Original File Name Searched:
IEA_Geothermal_RandT_Annual_Report_2004_secureforWebsite.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)