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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES Figure 17.3 Geothermal resource at 6 km depth (Source: D. Blackwell, Southern Methodist University, 2004). 17.6.3 Environmental Concerns In 2003, total energy consumption in the United States was 103.5E6 TJ.. This was 25% of world total energy consumption. Energy-related CO2 emissions (2002) were 5,796 million metric tons of carbon (about 24% of world total carbon emissions. Fuel Share of Energy Consumption (2003E) was; oil (40%), coal (23%), natural gas (23%), nuclear (8%), hydroelectricity (3%), and other ("renewables" including geothermal) (3%). Renewable energy consumption in 2003 was 6.5E6 TJ (about 45% of which was conventional hydroelectric power). (EIA, April 2004)) Major environmental issues according to the EIA are: • Air pollution resulting in acid rain in both the US and Canada; • The US is the largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the burning of fossil fuels; • Water pollution from runoff of pesticides and fertilizers; • Very limited natural fresh water resources in much of the western part of the country Geothermal energy has the potential for addressing the first two; while the fourth could potentially be a limiting factor in geothermal development. Environmental considerations are often cited as a rationale for the development of geothermal resources, because hydrothermal geothermal technology is relatively "clean," with minimal adverse impact on the environment when compared to combustion technologies. Atmospheric emissions are limited to the dissolved gases that are released during depressurization of the working fluid in open-cycle systems. Moreover, some recent plants, particularly those at Coso Hot Springs, California, reinject non-condensable gases into the reservoir, limiting emissions of greenhouse gases to well testing and unplanned outages. For projects that use lower temperature, binary-cycle technology, emissions from the closed cycle systems are negligible. Since it is likely that EGS will use the binary cycle, atmospheric emissions will not be a factor in development. IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 126PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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