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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES 17.4.4.5 Northland College The geothermal heating and cooling system at Northland College in Wisconsin began operation in summer 2004. The system decreases gas usage during the winter because it uses preheated air and decreases boiler usage, which will more than pay for the costs on the air conditioning side. The system has a well field of 60 wells, 84 meters deep, arranged 4.5 meters apart over three rows. 17.4.4.6 Oceana Naval Air Station This Naval Air Station in Virginia is eliminating more than a dozen miles of steam pipes, which have been used to provide heat in buildings for four decades. (Oceana has 38 miles of steam pipes.) The $8.2 million project to install GHP on an individual building basis is expected to save the base $920,000 a year in maintenance and energy costs. The new approach, using geothermal heat pumps, will be more efficient as it is cheaper to have a small unit at each building than a single, large distribution system. 17.4.5 Rates and Trends in Development For the period 1995-2000, Lund reported that most applications experienced some increase in use with agriculture having the largest annual energy growth rate, increasing by 16.9% compounded per year. Lund stated that the historical rates are expected to continue. 17.4.6 Number of Wells Drilled Direct Use No summary statistics were found regarding wells drilled for direct use heat applications in 2004. Geothermal Heat Pumps Geothermal heat pumps are ground-coupled, water-source heat pumps and use water-filled plastic pipe buried in the ground (vertical or horizontal). Since the objective in drilling is to install a specific length of heat exchanger, it is not necessarily important to reach a given depth at a particular site. Holes may be approximately 10-15 cm in diameter, 50-125 meters deep and drilled with air or bentonite mud. Horizontal spacing may be on the order of 4-6 meters. The wells are typically pressure grouted from the bottom with 20-25% bentonite. There are no accurate estimates of the number of such wells drilled each year in the United States, particularly since each site varies and larger sites may have hundred of wells. (Geyer, 2004). 17.4.7 Energy Savings 17.4.7.1 Direct Use (excluding GHP) It was reported in November 2003 (EIA REA 2002), based on unpublished data from the Geo-Heat Center, that geothermal direct use was 9,500 TJ in 2002. If it is assumed that the annual growth rate over the last two years has been 8% annually, then direct use geothermal (excluding geothermal heat pumps) will contribute 11,000 TJ in 2004. 17.4.7.2 Heat Pumps For 2003, Lund reported U.S. installed thermal capacity of geothermal heat pumps at 6300 MWt producing 6300 GWh/yr (assuming 1000 hours of operation per year in the heating mode). If the cooling mode is included (at same number of hours as heating) then GHP provided 12600 GWh/yr in 2003. [Lund et al., 2004]. IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 121PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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