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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES In 2000, Lund and Boyd estimated that geothermal energy supplied 20,478 TJ/yr of heat energy through direct heat applications in the United States. Of this, direct-use was 8,478 TJ/yr and geothermal heat pumps the remainder. Aquaculture had the largest annual energy growth rate of the direct-use categories, increasing in annual use by 16.9% compound per year over the past five years. From 1990 the growth rate for direct-use was 8.3% (Geothermal Direct-Use in the United States in 2000; Lund and Boyd, Geo-Heat Center). It was reported in November 2003 (EIA REA 2002) based on unpublished data from the Geo-Heat Center, that geothermal direct use was 9500 TJ in 2002. If the annual growth rate over the last two years has been 8% annually, then direct use geothermal (excluding geothermal heat pumps) will contribute about 11000 TJ in 2004. 17.4.1 Installed Thermal Power In 2000, Lund and Boyd estimated that the installed capacity of heat applications in the United States was 5,373 MWt including geothermal heat pumps. The direct use portion was 573 MWt and geothermal heat pumps the remainder (4800 MWt). In 2004, Lund stated that 600,000 geothermal heat pumps were installed in the United States with an installed capacity of 6,300 MWt. (‘Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps: A World Overview’ by J. Lund, B. Sanner, R. Curtis, and G. Hellstrom; GHC Bulletin, September 2004). No recent information is available on direct use capacity. 17.4.2 Thermal Energy Used See Sections 17.4.1and 17.4.3. 17.4.3 Category Use Apart from geothermal heat pumps, 35% of the annual energy use for direct-use is in the aquaculture industry, 28% is in bathing and swimming (resort and spa pool heating), 18% in space heating (including district heating), 14% in greenhouse heating, and 5% in industrial processing, including crop drying and snow melting (as of 1999). The EIA Survey of Geothermal Heat Pump Shipments showed that manufacturers shipped 36,439 geothermal heat pumps in 2003, which was a 2 percent decrease from 2002. Although GHP are being used in homes where the average application is probably less than 4 tons (50 MJ/hr); they are increasingly finding applications in Federal, State, and local government facilities (Utah State Prison, Alamagordo High School, Story County Administration Building, and the Oceana Naval Air Station) where long pay back times are acceptable and the energy savings are large. 17.4.4 New Developments During 2004 17.4.4.1 Utah State Prison A geothermal resource at 85oC is being used to supply heat and hot water to the Utah State Prison. When completed in 2005, geothermal water will heat four medium security buildings housing 576 inmates, a special service dorm, a furniture and sewing shop, and the Wasatch facility, which has 846 inmates. Direct Use IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 119PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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