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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES 17.3.5.2 California The California Division of Oil, Gas and Geothermal Resources regulates all high-temperature geothermal wells on private and state lands. (The U.S. Bureau of Land Management regulates all high-temperature geothermal wells on Federal lands, except for wells on military bases, which are regulated by the Department of Defense.) The Division maintains a downloadable JAVA application, ‘GeoSteam’, on its website that allows to individual well records and technical data that geothermal companies have submitted to the Division since 1967. This is not a user-friendly site and does not provide summary information by year. There are about 470 producing steam wells and 230 high-temperature, hot-water wells in 10 high-temperature geothermal fields in California. In 2001, In addition, there were several hundred low- temperature geothermal wells in the state for which the Division has no records. There are also about 160 geothermal injection wells located in about a dozen geothermal fields in California. (No information was found regarding geothermal well drilling in Utah, Idaho and Hawaii.) 17.3.6 Contribution to National Demand In 2003, the United States generated 3,848 billion kilowatt-hours (kWh) of electricity, including 3,691 billion kWh from the electric power sector plus an additional 157 billion kWh coming from combined heat and power (CHP) facilities in the commercial and industrial sectors. For the electric power sector, coal-fired plants accounted for 53% of generation, nuclear 21%, natural gas 15%, hydroelectricity 7%, oil 3%, geothermal and "other" 1%. For 2004, electricity demand was expected to increase about 2% from 2003 levels (EIA 2004). Total geothermal generation in 2003 was 15.345 billion kilowatt-hours. 17.4 Current Status of Direct Use and Geothermal Heat Pumps Logically, GHP are a subset of Direct Use geothermal; however, for the purposes of this report it is convenient to consider them separately. This is because there is more recent summary information on GHP as compared to Direct Use (excluding GHP). A summary paper on GHP was presented at the 2004 GRC Annual Meeting while the Direct Use statistics are primarily from a summary paper with data to 1999. GHP Geothermal heat pumps are one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy in the world. Most of this growth has occurred in the United States and Europe. In the USA, GHP accounted for 6,300 MWt, and the number installed is estimated at 600,000. In the United States, most units are sized for the peak cooling load and are oversized for heating, except in the northern states. Thus, they are estimated to average only 1,000 full-load heating hours per year. In the United States, GHP installations have steadily increased over the past 10 years with an annual growth rate of about 12%, mostly in the mid-western and eastern States from North Dakota to Florida. Today, approximately 80,000 units are installed annually, of which 46% are vertical closed loop systems, 38% horizontal closed loop systems, and 15% open loop systems. Over 600 schools have installed these units for heating and cooling, especially in Texas. One of the largest GHP installations in the United States is at the Galt House East Hotel in Louisville, Kentucky. Heat and air conditioning is provided by geothermal heat pumps for 600 hotel rooms, 100 apartments, and 89,000 square meters of office space for a total area of 161,650 square meters. A GHP was also installed on the Texas ranch of President Bush during the presidential election campaign of 2000. This vertical closed loop system cuts the heating and cooling cost by 40% (‘Geothermal (Ground-Source) Heat Pumps: A World Overview’ by J. Lund, B. Sanner, R. Curtis, and G. Hellstrom; GHC Bulletin, September 2004, condensed and paraphrased.) IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 118PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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