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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES UNITED STATES CHAPTER 17 United States of America 17.1 Introduction By the early 1920s in the United States, the geothermal resource at The Geysers, in northern California, was being considered for electrical power generation. The first well was drilled in 1921 at a shallow depth and ‘blew out like a volcano’. The second well, also called No. 1, was drilled in 1922. The first power plant was constructed at The Geysers in the early 1930s near Well No. 1. It was a 35 kilowatt power plant containing two reciprocating, steam- engine-driven turbine generators from General Electric. Ben McCabe of Magma Power drilled his first well, Magma No. 1, in 1955. In 1958, Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PG&E) signed a contract to purchase steam from the Magma-Thermal venture and built Unit 1 in 1960. By 1968, the capacity of the field had increased to 82 MWe. By 1989, twenty-nine units had been constructed with an installed capacity of 2,098 MW. Today, Calpine Corporation and Northern California (9.1 percent of generation). Non-hydroelectric renewables account for 6.6 percent of projected additions to U.S. generating capacity from 2002 to 2025 and 6.8 percent of the projected increase in generation. Geothermal output is projected to increase from 13 billion kilowatt-hours in 2002 (0.3 percent of generation) to 47 billion in 2025 (0.8 percent). The Annual Energy Outlook also includes a ‘high renewables case’ and a ‘DOE goals case’. The AEO high renewables case assumes cost reductions of 10 percent on a site-specific basis. The DOE goals case assumes lower capital costs, higher capacity factors, and lower operating costs, based on the renewable energy goals of the U.S. Department of Energy. In the EIA ‘high renewables case’, additions of geothermal are substantially higher than projected in the reference case, with most of the incremental capacity added between 2010 and 2025. In the ‘DOE goals’ case, still more geothermal generating capacity is projected to be added. Geothermal electricity generation in 2025 is almost double the reference case projection, at 90 billion kilowatt-hours, or approximately 1.6 percent of total generation. DOE has developed several scenarios for geothermal development, which could support rapid deployment of geothermal electricity generation after 2025 leading to as much as 98,000 MWe capacity by 2050. 17.3 Current Status of Geothermal Electricity Generation 17.3.1 Installed Capacity Installed geothermal electric power capacity in the U.S. had grown from about 500 MWe in 1973 to almost 2300 MWe in 2004. Geothermal electric power plants are located in four States: California, Nevada, Hawaii, and Utah. A number of other western States, including Idaho, Wyoming, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado and Alaska, also have significant geothermal electric potential. At present, California has 44 plants with 1982 MWe on line, Hawaii has one plant with a capacity of 30 MWe, Nevada has 14 plants with a capacity of 244 MWe and Utah has 2a Power Agency (NCPA) operate the field with a gross capacity of 936 MW from 22 units. Recently, wastewater injection has brought back 77 MWe. An additional 100 MWe increase is anticipated from the Santa Rosa project. The total installed capacity in the U.S. is now about 2,400 MWe (2,020 operating) generating about 16,000 GWh/yr at a capacity factor of 90%.(‘100 Years of Geothermal Power Production’ by John W. Lund, Geo-Heat Center; GHC Bulletin, September 2004’). The United States geothermal industry experienced dramatic growth from 1981 to 1990. During this period, 1,786 MWe of new geothermal generation came on-line, representing 70% of the IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 107PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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