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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SWITZERLAND 16.4 Market Development and Stimulation The rapid development of geothermal heat pumps in Switzerland is striking (Figures 16.2 and 16.3). The various reasons, trends and costs are still the same as presented and discussed in detail in Rybach and Kohl (2003). 16.5 Development Constraints The most serious competitor for geothermal space heating systems in Switzerland is natural gas. Besides strong marketing, there is also a financial advantage for gas-based systems: whereas geothermal solutions need two pipes (for delivery and return) gas only needs one pipe; the return pipe is the atmosphere. The introduction of a CO2 tax is still in parliamentary discussion. 16.6 Economics Geothermal space heating and cooling, when based on geothermal heat pumps, can compete with conventional oil-fired systems, thanks to their lower running cost. A detailed comparison has been presented in the 2002 Country Report; the situation has not changed since then. Demand for energy contracting and subsidies by local utilities are increasing. 16.7 Research Activities Whereas university research is rather stagnant, or even decreasing (a notable exception is the creation of the Centre de recherche en géothermie at the University of Neuchâtel), there is increasing activity in SM enterprises in this field. Applied research, funded by the Federal Government, is implemented more and more by specific teams. The Swiss Geothermal Association (SVG) is acting as a Competence Center for research funded by the Federal Office of Energy (BFE). Increasing commercial involvement, especially for the DHM project, must also be noted. Important research activities are embedded in international frameworks (see below). The research projects supported by the BFE produce intermediate and final reports. These can be downloaded or ordered at: http://www.energieforschung.ch/ENET/ENETHome.nsf/pgHomeEN?OpenPage 16.8 Geothermal Education Significant efforts are undertaken for education and information dissemination. The SVG has a mandate from BFE for information and education. F.-D. Vuataz (CHYN Neuchâtel) is responsible for information. Various leaflets have been produced and several geothermal exhibitions have been organized in Switzerland in 2004. T. Kohl (GEOWATT AG, Zurich) is responsible for education. Besides regular university lectures, various special courses and workshops were organized for postgraduate training in 2004. Education is also provided at the international level. L. Rybach presented, in September 2004, two lectures at the International Geothermal Days POLAND 2004, organized by the IGA International Summer School, in Zakopane: • Geothermal legislation and regulatory aspects in selected European countries (Rybach, 2004a) • Use and management of shallow geothermal resources in Switzerland (Rybach, 2004b). IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 102PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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