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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES ITALY At present, and for the next few years, this will not be a problem because the demand for Green Certificates will largely exceed the production. In the year 2003, the demand was about 3.5 TWh compared with a production of 1.5 TWh. It is likely the difference will increase in the next years as a consequence of the increase of the share of generation from renewables required by the law, even though new renewable plants will go on stream. Environmental issues could also limit geothermal development in areas characterised by natural beauty, tourism-based economy, vicinity to spas or major ground waters, etc. The bad smell of hydrogen sulphide, build-up of boron and mercury in soils and rivers, depletion of groundwater or spas and landscape degradation are the most common arguments for the local opposition to geothermal development. It should be noted that, by law, ENEL must pay a royalty to the municipalities and to the District where the plants are located for each kWh generated using geothermal resources. A District law has recently doubled the royalty to the municipalities of Tuscany. Starting from January, 1, 2003 , ENEL must pay: • 0.1148 €-cent/kWh to the affected municipalities of Tuscany • 0.0574 €-cent/kWh to the Tuscany District 12.6 Economics Capital cost of the geothermal plants largely depends (50% or more) on the total cost of the production wells feeding the power plant. The latter varies from field to field, as a consequence of the stratigraphy, well depth, well productivity, fluid enthalpy, non- condensable gas content, etc. Capital cost must also take into account the costs of field development (feasibility studies, surface exploration, drilling of exploration wells, etc.), which require a large investment at an early stage. Typical capital costs range from 2.0 to 3.0 million € /MWe installed. Generation costs largely depend on the capital costs (about 80%), with O&M costs making up the balance. Typical costs range from 5 to 8.5 €-cent/kWh. 12.7 Research Activities Research activities are mainly focused on the implementation of geophysical models able to improve the ability to discover geothermal resources, reducing mining risk. Advanced methodologies for understanding the results of reflection seismic prospecting have been applied with good results in locating the fracture zones inside the geothermal reservoirs at depths higher than 3,000 m. This research is totally funded by ENEL. 12.8 International Cooperative Activities ENEL (by means of the fully owned Enel Green Power) is a partner of La Geo (former Geotermica Salvadorena or Gesal), the El Salvador geothermal company, which currently operates with an installed capacity of 161 MWe. IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 74PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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