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III. NATIONAL ACTIVITIES SYNOPSIS Government policies encourage more renewable energy resource development, including geothermal. Interest in geothermal development is also increasing as a result of increasing fossil fuel prices, dwindling gas reserves and the growing importance of achieving the net CO2 reductions specified under the Kyoto Protocol. New Zealand government funded research continues to concentrate on four areas: deep high- temperature resources, use of low-enthalpy resources, better use of waste geothermal fluids and environmental effects. The University of Auckland offers geothermal engineering and science MSc and PhD programmes, and the New Zealand Geothermal Association offers educational events such as seminars and workshops. 7.3.9 Switzerland At present, there is no electricity generation from geothermal energy in Switzerland, though a major EGS project, Deep Heat Mining (DHM), is underway. In Basel, a well was recently drilled to 2.7 km and seismic equipment has been installed to record seismicity; and at Geneva, and well siting investigations are proceeding. In 2004, the local parliament secured major funding (20 M €) for the next phase of the Basel project, which includes drilling to 5 km and stimulation and circulation tests. There is significant geothermal direct use in Switzerland, mainly for heating and at spas. In 2004, the total installed capacity was about 585 MWt, with a total 1,190 GWh energy used. Of the latter, geothermal heat pumps provided 781 GWh, almost 70% of the total geothermal heat production. The total geothermal use is equivalent to savings of about 150,000 toe and a reduction in CO2 emission of 450,000 tonnes. The use of geothermal heat pumps continues to grow in Switzerland, and its worldwide rank in their use is very impressive (see Table 16.4). There is also an emerging demand for using them for both heating and cooling. The SwissEnergy programme, mainly devoted to the more efficient use of energy (including reduction of CO2 emissions and increasing the contribution of renewable energies), supports and promotes the use of indigenous renewable energy. Its basic strategy is to use voluntary measures as far as possible, though other control measures such as CO2 tax and incentives are available if necessary. Geothermal research in Switzerland includes involvement in the EC EGS project at Soultz. Significant effort is going into geothermal education and information dissemination in Switzerland, including regular university lectures. In addition, in 2004, special post-graduate courses and workshops were offered and education was provided on the international level with presentation of short courses in Poland. 7.3.10 United States of America In 2004, the installed geothermal power capacity in the USA was about 2,400 MWe, with about 2,020 MWe operating to generate 16,000 GWh (about 0.4% of total US generation), at a capacity factor of 90 %. Use of geothermal for generating electricity in the US reduced the emission of CO2 by about 12-16 million tonnes, compared to the use of oil or coal plants, respectively. The total installed thermal capacity for direct heat use in 2004 was about 7,820 MWt, utilizing about 31,240 TJ (8,678 GWh), with direct use amounting to about 620 MWt, using 9,025 TJ, and heat pumps 7,200 MWt using 22,200 TJ (Lund, 2005). IEA Geothermal R&T Annual Report 2004.doc 50PDF Image | Geothermal Energy Annual Report 2004
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