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Finally, this project adds the potential for energy and/or revenue generation through geothermal heat recovery. This constitutes an interesting way of valorization of the injection operations, demonstrating that an actual synergy between CO2 storage and geothermal activities may exist. In terms of limitations, it is expected that the solubility of the CO2 in the brine will be a limiting factor to the amount of CO2 that can be injected given time and aquifer flow rate variables. Targeted rates in industrial projects typically relying on the standard supercritical CO2 injection generally range between 1 to 5 Mt/yr/well. In contrast, based on typical production flow rates (100-350 m3/h) and an average CO2 solubility of 1 mol/kg of water, one might theoretically expect CO2 injection rates varying from 10 to 100 kt/yr/doublet in low energy geothermal doublets of the Paris basin. Consequently in this region, this approach would require tens of injecting and producing wells to reach the rates of the supercritical approach. Though this possibility is envisaged in some theoretical research studies in the US (e.g. Burton, 2008), its practical applicability in the context of densely populated area as encountered in known geothermal and industrial basins of Western Europe (France, Germany) may be a limitation. Consequently, and as another contributing novel factor, this proposal targets low to medium range CO2-emitters (ca. 10-100 kt/yr), that could be compatible with a single doublet installation. Unlike the standard approach which focuses on very large regional emitters, the proposed CO2-DISSOLVED concept opens new potential opportunities for local storage solutions dedicated to low emitters such as food, paper, or glass industry, building materials makers, etc. Since it is intended to be a local solution, the costs related to CO2 transport would then be dramatically reduced, provided that the local underground geology is favorable. In addition, the heat recovered could benefit directly to the industrial emitters for their own heating and/or process needs and possibly for heating other collective buildings at the vicinity of the storage facility. One of the technological issues to address for this concept to be applicable relies basically on our capacity to propose an efficient CO2 dissolution system. On this key aspect, CO2 DISSOLVED brings another novelty by proposing to assess the feasibility of integrating an exclusive capture and dissolution technology, property of Pi-Innovation (American partner in our project), as part of an integrated CO2 capture, storage, and geothermal heating system. The Pi-Innovation patented invention offers a two-fold deep-well technology allowing us to process both water-based CO2 capture and dissolution in brine before injection. Though being mainly a feasibility study relying on engineering methodologies, the achievement of this project will also have to rely on ambitious research work in order to address the following points: Standard monitoring and risk analysis approaches need be revisited as a function of the new features and constraints of the CO2-DISSOLVED approach. Innovative geochemical (based on the inevitable continuous injection of atmospheric CFC and/or SF6 gases within the CO2 laden brine), and geophysical (using metallic casing of boreholes to inject current and record EM field in surface) monitoring solutions are intended to be evaluated and tested, both on-field and in-lab. A new risk analysis methodology will be specifically designed and applied in accordance with the modeled and observed properties of the whole system. The potential acidified brine reactivity will now be delivered out of the injection well, unlike the supercritical approach where the acid front followed the extension of the CO2 plume. Specific work, focusing on the near-well areas and relying on both new experimental and modeling approaches will be carried out in this project. A new dedicated experimental facility (MIRAGES-2, which actually mimics an injection well at the centimeter scale) will be specifically designed for experiments involving injection of dissolved CO2. The association of CCS to geothermal heat production, applied locally to small CO2-emitters, makes partly obsolete previous conceptual economic models of CCS. New models will then Sustainable Earth Sciences 2013 30 September - 4 October 2013, Pau, FrancePDF Image | CO2-Dissolved Combining CCS and Geothermal Heat Recovery
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