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Introduction and background The general question of the synergy between CCS and geothermal energy is of great concern as underlined in a recent IEAGHG report by Basava-Reddi (2010). The most extensively described strategy for combining CO2 storage and geothermal energy recovery relies on using supercritical CO2 as a working fluid in an Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS). Initially proposed by Brown (2000) as a potentially more efficient energy recovery strategy for producing electricity, this concept was later considered as a possible theoretical way of combining CO2 storage and energy production (e.g. Pruess 2006). However, this CO2 storage strategy has only been investigated theoretically and would need further research and future pilots to reach industrial maturity. On the other hand, the concomitant availability of deep geothermal resources and of large CO2 emitters potentially reduces the actual possibilities of implementation. Two other projects aiming at combining CCS and exploitation of geothermal energy are described in the literature (Torp, 2010). The first one (GEOSYNERGY), is conducted in Denmark by Vattenfall and recently changed its objective from pure CCS to combined surface heat recovery from the warm brine extracted (Christensen, 2010). The brine will be first extracted to provide available space for the supercritical CO2 planned to be injected later, and thus to mitigate the pressure build-up in the aquifer. The question of the disposal of the cooled brine has to be solved however (released to the sea or injected in another aquifer?). The second pilot project (CarbFix) aims at capturing the CO2 emitted by a geothermal power plant in Iceland and then injecting it in a nearby basaltic reservoir, expecting permanent and safe CO2 storage by mineral carbonation (Matter et al., 2011). It is interesting to notice that the carbonation process is enhanced by injecting CO2 as being entirely dissolved in previously extracted water. The quantities of CO2 involved in this pilot project are very low however (2.2 kt/yr). Other options do not consider injection of supercritical CO2 anymore, since buoyancy still remains a risk for potential leakage. The recommended strategy is then to inject CO2 as being entirely dissolved in a previously extracted brine (e.g. Burton, 2008; Jain and Bryant, 2011; Emeka Eke et al., 2011). In this case, and even though the original brine might be extracted from a distinct deep aquifer, extraction and injection are generally planned to be conducted in the same geological formation (via a doublet system). Though very seducing in terms of safety of the CO2 storage facility, this option has nevertheless some disadvantages. The main one being the limited quantities of CO2 that could be injected this way, compared to the supercritical option. Consequently, injecting several million tons of CO2 per year, as required when attempting to mitigate the CO2 emissions of large fossil fuel power plants, would probably necessitate tens of doublets. Most of these above mentioned authors (e.g. Burton, 2008) generally consider this option as being economically viable (at least in the USA), though more expensive than the standard supercritical CO2 approach. Moreover, it requires the availability of large empty surface fields above favorable deep geological structures, which clearly is another significant drawback of this approach, specifically in densely populated areas where conflicts related to the surface land use would probably arise. It is then generally assumed that CCS is going to be implemented only on large emission sources like power plants fed by coal or natural gas. One of the major issues regarding CCS economics is indeed the capital cost of this technology and more precisely, the capture cost. However, small sources could become a bridge between pilot projects and a mature CCS market. In the CO2-DISSOLVED project, we consider that small CO2 emitters are a key target to consider for the future of CCS. This project, which was launched in January 2013 as part of the SEED (Efficient and Decarbonized Energy Systems) program of the ANR (French National Research Agency), proposes an original approach to combining CCS and geothermal heat recovery. It is coordinated by BRGM (French Geological Survey) and the consortium is composed of four French and two foreign partners, which are respectively: CFG Services, GeoGreen, GeoRessources (Université de Lorraine), LEO (Université d’Orléans), Partnering in Innovation Inc. (USA), and BGR (German Geological Survey). Sustainable Earth Sciences 2013 30 September - 4 October 2013, Pau, FrancePDF Image | CO2-Dissolved Combining CCS and Geothermal Heat Recovery
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