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Water Quality Avoiding corrosion and scaling in the Green Machine’s heat exchangers is critical to both machine longevity and efficiency. Each prospective site should be evaluated for adherence to water quality requirements, as described below. Table 3 shows typical limit values for the water to be used in the Green Machine’s heat exchangers. There are different types of corrosion that may occur in a plate heat exchanger; these are described in Table 4. Table 5 offers specific guidance on the most hazardous form of corrosion, chloride-induced stress corrosion cracking and pitting. Table 6 addresses scaling. Table 3 - Recommended Water Quality Limits for Water on Primary Side Quality Class Description Appearance Smell Particles Oil and Grease pH at 25°C Residual Water Hardness Conductivity at 25°C Oxygen Levels Chloride Levels Sulphate Levels Sulphide Levels Nitrate Concentration Free Chlorine Levels Ammonia Levels Total Iron Content Total Copper Content Untreated Tap Water Clear No Smell < 10mg/L < 1mg/L Softened Softened Clear No Smell < 10mg/L < 1mg/L Partly Desalinated Softened or desalinated Clear No Smell < 5mg/L < 1mg/L Desalinated Desalinated Clear No Smell < 1mg/L < 1mg/L 9.8 ± 0.2 <0.1dH < 25 μS/cm < 0.02mg/L < 3mg/L < 2mg/L < 1mg/L --- --- < 5mg/L < 0.05mg/L < 0.01mg/L 8.0±1.0 9.8±0.2 9.8±0.2 <0.5dH <0.5dH <0.2dH < 1500 μS/cm --- < 300mg/L < 100mg/L < 1mg/L < 100mg/L < 0.5mg/L --- --- --- < 1500 μS/cm < 0.02mg/L < 300mg/L --- < 1mg/L --- --- < 10mg/L < 0.1mg/L < 0.02mg/L < 500 μS/cm < 0.02mg/L < 50mg/L --- < 1mg/L --- --- < 5mg/L < 0.1mg/L < 0.02mg/L Table 4 - Typical Corrosion Phenomena in Copper Brazed Stainless Steel Plate Heat Exchangers Corrosion Mechanism Localized Corrosion General Corrosion Description Normally the heat exchanger is free of crevices, but crevices can be formed under deposits from scaling as well as imperfect brazing joints. If general corrosion takes place, typically copper corrodes preferentially over the stainless steel. Severe loss of copper will result in loss of mechanical strength and leaks in the heat exchanger. Stainless steel can experience intergranular corrosion due to formation of chrome carbide in the grain boundaries during an improper heat treatment. Areas with decreased chrome content will be vulnerable to corrosion. Copyright © ElectraTherm, Inc. 2013. All Rights Reserved. REV 02 - 05/02/2013 Page | 16 Galvanic Corrosion The metallic contact between copper and stainless steel in the surrounding water can initiate a corrosive attack on the more electronegative metal, in this case copper. Some allowance is made for copper to act as a protective anode. Stress Corrosion Stress corrosion can occur in stainless steel if tensile stresses and a high amount of chloride are present. An increase in temperature will furthermore increase the risk of stress corrosion, particularly above 60 °C. Intergranular CorrosionPDF Image | Waste Heat to Power System Product Data and Specification Guide
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