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2.6.2 Coproduced fluids: “conventional” geothermal development in hydrocarbon fields Some areas of oil and gas development have relatively high temperatures at routinely drilled depths for hydrocarbon production. For example, parts of east and south Texas and northwest Louisiana are characterized by temperatures in excess of 150°C (300°F) at depths of 4 to 6 km (13,123 ft to 19,684 ft) (McKenna and Blackwell, 2005; McKenna et al., 2005) (see Figure 2.7). Data from BHT and high- resolution log segments in wells in south Texas indicate temperatures of more than 200°C (400°F) at 5 km (16,000 ft). In east Texas, temperatures are more than 150°C in the depth range of 3.5 to 4 km (11,000 to 13,000 ft). And, in northwest Louisiana, BHTs and equilibrium temperature logs document temperatures of 120-160°C at only 3 km (10,000 ft). Because in situ thermal conditions have been verified in these specific areas, the substantial areal extent of potential geothermal resources shown in Figure 2.7 is valid. In addition to temperature requirements, a geothermal development requires large-volume flows of water, on the order of 1,000 GPM per MW (depending on the temperature). There are two typical types of existing situations associated with hydrocarbon development that are very favorable for geothermal development. The first might be considered “conventional” hydrothermal development, in that high volumes of water are produced in some fields as a byproduct of hydrocarbon production. This situation exists, for example, in massive water-flood secondary recovery fields (Table 2.3). Curtice and Dalrymple (2004) show that coproduced water in the conterminous United States amounts to at least 40 billion barrels per year, primarily concentrated in a handful of states (Figure 2.13). In most mature hydrocarbon fields, the disposal of this coproduced water is an expensive problem (Veil et al., 2004). Table 2.3 Equivalent geothermal power from coproduced hot water associated with existing hydrocarbon production in selected states (a complete listing is given in Appendix A.2.2). State Equivalent Power, MW @ 180°C Alabama 88 Arkansas 112 California 2,205 Florida 70 Louisiana 928 Mississippi 257 Oklahoma 5,393 Texas 5,252 TOTALS 14,305 The factors required for successful geothermal electrical power generation are sufficiently high fluid flow rates for a well or a group of wells in relatively close proximity to each other, at temperatures in excess of 100°C (212°F). Opportunities can be found in most of the basins in the continental United States. For example, Figure 2.13 shows the average total produced water as a byproduct of hydrocarbon 2-29 Chapter2 GeothermalResource-BaseAssessment Total Water Produced Annually, in 1,000 kbbl Total Water Production Rate, kGPM Equivalent Power, MW @ 100°C Equivalent Power, MW @ 140°C 203,223 258,095 5,080,065 160,412 2,136,573 592,518 12,423,264 12,097,990 18 23 459 15 193 54 1,124 1,094 18 23 462 15 194 54 1,129 1,099 47 59 1,169 37 492 136 2,860 2,785 32,952,141 2,980 2,994 7,585PDF Image | The Future of Geothermal Energy
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