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MARKET POTENTIAL STUDY FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA history of waste heat recovery in india The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) was introduced during the Kyoto Protocol, signed on 11th December, 1997. The protocol was a binding obligation signed by member countries of the United Nations, under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), and obliges the signatory countries to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by 5.2% during the period 2008-2012 against the baseline emissions in the year of 1990. Projects registered under the CDM mechanism receive tradable Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits for every tonne of Carbon-dioxide (CO2) equivalent emission reduced. India currently has more than 60 projects using waste heat recovery systems that are registered as CDM projects. In India, the first waste heat recovery (WHR) project using Organic Rankine Cycles (ORC) that was registered with the CDM, was by Ultratech Cement, in March 2007. The project’s annual emission reduction was 16,871 tonnes of CO2-eq. The cement industry is traditionally known to be high on energy consumption and low on energy efficiency. The ORC at Ultratech Cement has a capacity of producing 4.8 MW of electricity and meets 10% of the power requirement of the cement plant. The cost of generation of electricity is INR 0.20 (EUR 0.003). It also has high energy efficiency as it not only has no water or fuel requirements, but also uses the easily available organic fluid, iso-pentane, as the working fluid in the ORC system. This results in a saving of INR 80 million (EUR 1.2 million) every year on the cost of power generation.21 Thus the introduction of the ORC has not only made the production cycle more energy efficient, but also has also helped reduce the operational costs by reducing the energy costs. In addition to this, the company can trade the CERs issued to them to generate further revenues. The five exchanges trading in carbon credits are the European Climate Exchange (ECX), NASDAQ OMX Commodities Europe, PowerNext, Commodity Exchange Bratislava and the European Energy Exchange (EEX). Figure 22 shows the fluctuations in the daily spot prices of the CER futures on the ECX between January 2010 and October 2012. The prices or CER futures has fallen steadily over the past years from a high of INR 889.2 (EUR 13.68) in January 2010 to a low of INR 145.60 (EUR 2.24) in October 2012 to less than INR 80 (EUR 1) as of December 2013. 22This rapid and sharp fall in prices from July 2011 raises questions regarding the relevance of the CERs in the future, and thus the CDM is no longer considered a functional incentive scheme. If the fall in prices of the CERs continues, industries will not be incentivised to reduce their emission reductions through CERs. figure 18: trend analysis of cEr prices between 2010 and 2012 (source: icE (www.theice.com) 20 15 10 5 0 Daily spot price trend of CER Futures on the ECX Setting Price... 21 Ultratech Cement, Andhra Pradesh Cement Works http://www. ultratechcement.com/images/downloads/sustainability_resources_APCW. pdf 22 European Energy Exchange, Emission Rights, CER Future, October 2012 www.eex.com/en/ 26 Jan/10 Mar/10 May/10 Jul/10 Sep/10 Nov/10 Jan/11 Mar/11 May/11 Jul/11 Sep/11 Nov/11 Jan/12 Mar/12 May/12 Jul/12 Sep/12PDF Image | ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
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