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MARKET POTENTIAL STUDY FOR ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA Development of the organic rankine cycle Rankine Cycle is the process by which more than 80 percent of the world’s electricity is generated today. It is a thermodynamic cycle to convert heat energy into electricity, named after the Scottish engineer William John Macquorn Rankine who is regarded as one of the fathers of thermodynamic science for developing the theory of steam engine. The Rankine Cycle system that uses water as a working fluid to take up external heat to run a steam turbine to generate electricity, is commonly referred to as the Steam Rankine Cycle or the SRC. The SRCs have been used for nearly a century or more now to generate electricity and would continue to be the main stream in the near foreseeable future. However, in 1883, when Frank Ofeldt developed an engine that boiled naphtha, rather than steam, to drive the pistons, it triggered the research into other organic fluids as the working fluid for power engines. Later in the twentieth century, the Organic Rankine Cycle was developed using a variety of organic fluids such as the Hydrocarbons and the Hydrofluorocarbons or HFCs. The ORC systems are today mostly designed to extract heat from various renewable sources, such as the biomass and the geothermal sources, and for the recovery of low to medium temperature waste heat from a variety of industrial processes. However, with the solar thermal systems becoming more and more popular, the ORC systems find successful applications there as well. The use of SRCs to recover high temperature waste heat for conversion into electricity is quite widespread, but the low temperature waste heat could not be recovered for long, except for minor uses such as minimal preheating. However, the way that ORC systems have evolved today, these low temperature waste heat sources are now getting prominence to add to the overall energy efficiency o f t he i ndustrial processes. In addition, power cuts that haunt many industries in India, would no longer pose much of a threat if such low temperature waste heat can be recovered to produce electricity since it reduces dependency on the electrical grids. In addition to this, it may help the usage of heat generated from low irradiation on solar thermal plants or from low calorific value biomass. The concerns over the climate change impacts of electricity generation from fossil fuels, coupled with the rising prices of the latter, are fuelling the explosive growth of the installations of the ORC systems all over the world. In India, the huge focus on demand side energy efficiency to increase energy security and to mitigate the need for addition of electricity generation capacity through various regulations (such as the Energy Conservation Act 2001 and the NMEEE), institutions (such as the BEE), fiscal incentives (such as SECF and NCEF) and market mechanisms (such as the PAT scheme) would help fuel the market for the ORC systems in the future. In addition, the use of hydrocarbons over the hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the ORC systems have resulted in further lowering the carbon footprint of the systems. It must also be noted that in India, the rapid growth of the renewable energies has also resulted in the development of a biomass (bagasse based) and a solar thermal industry in the country, while it’s just a matter of a little time before biomass (other forms) and geothermal energies also develop hugely. Also the fact that the ORC based systems can be used with biomass cogeneration systems, makes ORC a very suitable technology for India, where there are many bagasse based cogeneration units. ORC systems find application in all of these renewable based industries, and thus, both the Indian and the German companies are already making efforts to commercialise the technology in the country. The case studies mentioned in the subsequent chapters help in strengthening this point. system components The major components of an ORC system are the following:- y Heat exchangers (preheater, evaporator, cooling and condensing units) y A regenerator (used mostly in waste heat recovery systems) yAn expander (mostly positive displacement systems such as scroll and screw expanders rather than turbo machines) y A turbine y A generator y Ancillary systems include pumps, instrumentation and control systems, online control panel and an electricity feeder (to be connected to the electrical transmission system). 6PDF Image | ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
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