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mass flow rates, and higher turbine efficiencies (as high as 80-85%). However, since the cycle functions at lower temperatures, the overall efficiency is only around 10-20%, depending on the temperature of the condenser and evaporator. This overall efficiency of conversion of heat into electricity of ORCs (10%-20%) is lower than that of steam cycle (30%-40%) because the SRC operates at higher temperatures than the ORC. This lower efficiency is due to the limitation based on thermodynamic principle called the Carnot Theorem4. Waste heat recovery through ORC systems can be applied to a variety of low to medium temperature advantages and disadvantages of orc technologies5,6 advantages y Large inlet temperatures ranging from 100°C or lower to as high as 450°C; y ORC modules are easy to install (compact, skid- mounted standard module) and very easy to operate; y ORC systems require low maintenance (no droplet erosion in the turbine, low pressure evaporator, automation), thereby reducing the running costs figure 2 : schematic of organic rankine cycle (source: Bosch) Potential waste heat sources ORC Process Hot water cycle 120-150 oc Power feed to grid Generator G Heat exchanger (vaporiser) Feed pump Turbine ORC cycle Heat excharger (condenser) Industry Bioenergy Solor energy heat streams. An example of a recent successful installation in India is by UltraTech Cements India Ltd. in Andhra Pradesh, India, where the installed ORC plant recovers waste heat from the clinker cooler that has an exhaust gas temperature of about 6080F [3200C]. The ORC installation can generate 4 MW of power, thereby reducing CO2 emissions by approximately 16,871 tons per annum. 4 Carnot theorem: “No engine operating between two heat reservoirs can be more efficient than a Carnot engine operating between those same reservoirs”. The efficiency of a carnot engine is given by: Efficiency = (1-(TC/TH) Where TC is the temperature of cold reservoir in Kelvin (°K) and TH is the temperature of hot reservoir in Kelvin (°K). A Carnot engine operating with a heat source at 300oF [150oC or 423°K] and rejecting it at 77oF [25oC or 298°K] is only about 30% efficient. In this light, an efficiency of 10-20% is a substantial percentage of theoretical efficiency, especially in comparison to other low temperature options, such as piezoelectric generation, which are only 1% efficient. greatly, and need very little maintenance downtime (< 2% of the operational time per annum); y System sizes range from a few kWe (down to 30kWe) to several MWe that make them perfectly suitable for tapping various thermal sources; y For power capacities lower than 2 MWe, steam power plants are usually not well adapted since the operation and maintenance costs of the equivalent Steam Rankine Cycle are higher and the system efficiency is lower; y Long working life of the system (20 years +) with very minimum maintenance needs. Most of the systems have very little or no turbine mechanical stress, while the closed leak proof systems 5 Enertime, World Engineer’s Convention, Waste Heat Recovery Projects Using organic Rankine Cycle Technology, September 2011 http://www. enertime.com/sites/www.enertime.com/files/documentation/whr_projects_ using_orc_publication-for-world-engineers-convention.pdf 6 Ormat Energy Converters, Proven Power From Cement Plant Waste Heat http://www.ormat.com/research/papers/test 3PDF Image | ORGANIC RANKINE CYCLE TECHNOLOGY IN INDIA
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