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20.4 Energy and CO2 Savings The total heat production of 2,643 GWh (9.5 PJ) in 2010 corresponds to savings of heating oil of some 226,542 toe/yr. Assuming an emissions factor of 3.18 (metric) tons of CO2 per ton of heating oil, emissions of an estimated 720,000 tons of CO2/yr have been avoided. This figure is likely to be an upper bound. Of the 720,000 tons, an estimated 30% owe to the uptake of geothermal energy in renovated building stock replacing fossil fuelled heating, and some 70% have been avoided owing to newly constructed buildings that otherwise are likely to have been heated using heating oil. Switzerland‘s own electricity production (~60 % hydro, ~40 % nuclear) is almost free of CO2 emissions. But, there is very active pan-European power trading which on occasion results in the import of fossil-fuel derived electricity. This contribution would actually lower the amount of reduced and avoided CO2 emissions. 20.5 Market Development and Stimulation 20.5.1 DevelopmentConstraints Geothermal heat pump systems have a high market penetration for new buildings, and increasingly are considered for larger systems (>100 kW capacity). The high density of buildings poses at times accessibility constraints if geothermal heat pump systems are planned for building stock undergoing renovation. Currently there are a number of hydrothermal projects (direct use of hot aquifers and, if suitable, power production) in the planning stage. Since there has been no recent experience in designing and building a hydrothermal project in Switzerland, project maturation is comparatively slow. The adverse publicity caused by the felt induced seismicity of the Basel EGS Project causes project developers to involve a wide range of stakeholders and pursue a long-term, sustained communication and consultation process. Concern about potential hazards associated with induced seismicity in drilling and geothermal operations, and environmental concerns about water are some of the key obstacles to speedy execution and operation of planned projects. Another fact which makes the development of deep geothermal projects difficult and risky is the lack of underground data in large parts of the country. Finally, the overall level of experience in Switzerland‘s geothermal industry involved in planning, designing, constructing and operating geothermal energy projects is limited. EGS projects are currently on-hold but privately held developers are planning new projects. 20.5.2 SupportInitiativesandMarketStimulationIncentives 2010 saw a continuation of the boom in the utilization of geothermal heat pumps (Figure 20.3). During the years 2000-2010, borehole heat exchanger systems have been deployed mostly in newly constructed real estate. However, as most of Switzerland‘s building stock is old and the heating systems are in need of renovation (also because of increasing environmental restrictions), the rate of deployment in renovated building stock has correspondingly accelerated over the last few years. This trend is accelerated by support programs in a number of Switzerland‘s 26 cantons where home owners are given financial incentives to install ground source heat pumps/borehole heat exchangers. 234PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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