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15.3.2.3 Category Used Direct use in Korea includes individual space heating with hot spring water, a small scale district heating scheme (21 households), one greenhouse, bathing (hot spa) and geothermal heat pump (see Table 15.2). 15.3.2.4 New Developments during 2010 There was no special development; just continuing rapid increase of GHP thanks to active government subsidies and the special ―Mandatory Act‖. 15.3.2.5 Rates and Trends in Development There is no data available on the rates and trends in development. 15.3.2.6 Number of Wells Drilled There were 16 hot spring wells drilled in 2010, with a total drilled depth of 8,592 m. Among them were 6 wells with discharge temperatures higher than 30 C, with a cumulative drilled depth of 4,916 m. 15.3.3 EnergySavings Fossil fuel savings and CO2 emission reductions are included in Table 15.2 using the IEA-GIA conversion rate. 15.4 Market Development, Stimulation and Constraints 15.4.1 Development Constraints A barrier to progress of GHP deployment from the technical and scientific points of view may be explained by relative lack of recognition of the importance of accurate information on the thermal properties of subsurface materials and the lack of scientific knowledge on hydrological conditions influencing heat extraction/injection rates. Such technological drawbacks often lead to over design of the system and thus weaken economical competitiveness. Although there are huge amounts of alluvial groundwater resources in agricultural areas and towns, utilization of groundwater thermal energy is still quite limited because of unnecessary concern about running out of the water resources without understanding the natural water cycle. There is increasing concern for geothermal power generation with low-temperature geothermal water from deeply-extended fractures and/or enhanced geothermal systems. But, insufficient understanding of low-temperature power generation technology available with temperatures even lower than 100 C, and lack of deep drilling experience are technical barriers. Lack of a legal framework supporting deep geothermal development is major barrier: deep geothermal water in Korea is dealt with only in the Hot Spring Law which states that warm water must be firstly used for hot springs. For that reason, there is no risk guarantee or insurance framework for deep drilling. The Groundwater Law states that all boreholes must be reported on depth and purpose prior to drilling. Also if someone is to use groundwater, they must conduct an environmental impact assessment and submit the result. It is also effective for groundwater thermal utilization even though subject to re-injection. The heat pump business society claims that heat extraction from 171PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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