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14.4 Energy Savings 14.4.1 Fossil Fuel Savings/Replacement The total geothermal electricity produced in Japan is saving 736,887 toe/yr (toe = tons of oil equivalent) in FY2009, based on the IEA-GIA conversion factor 1 GWh = 253.4 toe in produced electricity (Mongillo, 2005). The total direct use energy produced in Japan is saving 904,567 toe/yr in FY2005, based on the IEA-GIA conversion factor 1 TJ = 35.2 toe in produced heat (ibid.). The direct use energy produced in Japan must have increased from FY2005 to FY2009. Therefore, although the statistics of direct use is taken from FY2005, in the grand total of geothermal power and direct use, Japan is saving at least 1,641,454 toe/yr, in FY2009. 14.4.2 Reduced/Avoided CO2 Emissions When we assume the oil thermal power plants as a baseline, the total geothermal electricity produced in Japan results in avoidance of 2,375,836 tonnes of CO2/yr in FY2009, based on the IEA-GIA CO2 factor 817 kg/MWh in produced electricity (Mongillo, 2005). When we assume the oil thermal power plants as a baseline, the total direct use energy produced in Japan avoids CO2 emissions by 2,919,567 tonnes/yr in FY2005, based on the IEA-GIA CO2 factor 409 kg/MWh in produced heat (ibid.). The direct use energy produced in Japan must have increased from FY2005 to FY2009. Therefore, although the statistics of direct use are taken from FY2005, in the grand total of geothermal power and direct use, Japan avoided CO2 emissions of at least 5,295,403 tons/yr, in FY2009. 14.5 Market Development and Stimulation 14.5.1 SupportInitiativesandMarketStimulationIncentives NEDO initiated ―Geothermal Development Promotion Surveys‖ in prospective geothermal areas where investigation is hampered by survey risks, thereby expediting the development of geothermal power generation by private-sector companies. This program started in 1980. The survey program is composed of Surveys A, B and C, varying the scale and content depending upon regional potential and existing data. Surveys had been completed in 67 areas at the end of FY2009. Since 1999, NEDO has carried out Survey C intensively, aiming at a further reduction of survey risks and development lead-time for private-sector companies to construct geothermal power plants based on those preliminary results. Therefore, geothermal reservoir evaluation using large-bore production wells for long-term production tests is included. Although the 18 areas are selected for the Surveys by FY 2009, many areas are considered to have potentials suitable for smaller scale power plants. Therefore, NEDO has changed the past scheme and planned Geothermal Development Promotion Survey (comprehensive studies for the resource assessment) in prospective geothermal areas in order to construct power plants larger than 10 MWe and to be suitable for the national policy. The survey program is going to operate for 4 to 5 years from FY2010, and consists of surface investigation, drilling, production test and so on. The five areas (Musadake, Toyoha, Komonomori, Kijiyama-Shitanotai and Matsuohachimantai) are selected for the surveys in FY2010 and the previous surface investigations are carried out, but the next stage 160PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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