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The grand total of the three categories of the used thermal energy for direct use in Japan is 25,697.9 TJ/yr (Table 14.2). 14.3.2.3 Comment on Categories of Use We here summarize the direct use in Japan (Table 14.2). We have conservatively estimated the fuel alternative energy by hot spring bath use for heating water up to 42 oC. Nevertheless, as seen in Table 14.2, the hot spring bath use represents the largest contribution, 80.67 % of the direct use in Japan. Hot water use, excluding bath use, is 19.07 %, or one magnitude less than bath use; and geo-heat use including geo-heat pumps is 0.26 %, three magnitudes less than bath use. In other words, there is plenty of room for development in the other categories such as geo-heat pumps. 14.3.2.4 New Developments in 2009 As has been mentioned, NEF periodically conducts a questionnaire survey on two categories of direct use: hot water thermal use without bathing and geo-heat use including heat pumps. The two most recent surveys were carried out in 2002 and 2006 (NEF, 2003; 2007). Therefore, we can only compare four years‘ results between 2002 and 2006. The hot water thermal use without bathing decreased from 5,138.3 TJ/yr in 2002 to 4,900.4 TJ/yr in 2006. The main reason for this result is ascribed to the recoverability of the questionnaire surveys- they decreased from 147 replies/260 recipients in 2002 to 116 replies/267 recipients in 2006. The geo-heat use including geo-heat pumps increased from 22.4 TJ/yr in 2002 to 67.9 TJ/yr in 2006, more than a factor of three during the four years. Hot springs for bath use are constantly developed every year. The number of hot spring sources for bath use increased from 27,644 in March 2005 to 27,866 in March 2006, i.e., by 222, or 0.8 % annually. The discharge rate of hot springs for bath use increased from 2,712,140 l/min in March 2005 to 2,761,300 l/min in March 2006, an increase of 49,160 l/min, or 1.8 % annually. 14.3.2.5 Rates and Trends in Development The hot water thermal use, excluding bathing, apparently decreased from 2002 to 2006 due to the recoverability of the questionnaire surveys, but this category may not have changed much. The geo-heat use, including geo-heat pumps, increased by a factor of about three during the four years. This is equivalent to the rate of the 32.1 % every year. Although the present market for geo-heat use is still small, this rate is promising a rapid expansion in the near future. The numbers of hot springs for bathing were 13,079 in FY1962 and 27,866 in FY2005. If we simply apply a linear trend, the mean annual increment is 344 (Figure 14.9). The discharge rate of hot springs for bathing was 930,110 l/min in FY1963 and 2,761,300 l/min in FY2005. If we simply apply a linear trend here, the mean annual increment is 43,600 l/min. This must be the largest and steadiest direct use market in Japan. 14.3.2.6 Number of Wells Drilled The recent increase of hot spring sources for bathing is almost entirely caused by drilling. Therefore, the numbers of drilled wells are roughly the same as the increment number of hot spring sources- 222 in FY2005. The numbers of drilled wells for the hot water uses and geo-heat uses are not given in the results of the questionnaire surveys (NEF, 2007). In some cases, development may be from drilling one well for hot water use; while for other cases, development may be by drilling several shallow wells, such as for geo-heat pump use. However, it seems clear that the number must be larger than the increment number of the facilities. The numbers of facilities of hot water uses increased from 692 in 2002 to 697 in 2006, an increment of only 5 during the four years. The numbers of facilities of geo-heat uses increased from 276 in 2002 to 638 in 2006, an increment of 362 during the four years. 158PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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