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The conceived mechanism provides a great deal of flexibility: operators are allowed to meet their obligations either by generating directly or by purchasing from others some or all the required ―green‖ energy, or simply acquiring their rights (as in the spirit of the ―Green Certificates‖). According to a Decree Law issued on January 2004, the initial quota of 2% was increased to 2.35% for the year 2005, to 2.7% for 2006 and to 3.05% for 2007 to keep up with international commitments on CO2 emission reduction. In 2007, with a subsequent law, the quota was updated to 3.80% for 2007 and a yearly increase of 0.75% per year was fixed up to 2012. The value of the Green Certificates was modified at the end of 2007, making it equal to the difference between 18 €-cent/kWh and the average market price of the electricity; a multiplying coefficient (different for each renewable energy source; it is 0.9 for geothermal) has then to be applied to this difference. Small power plants (typically below 1 MWe) are allowed a fixed price (again, differentiated by source; it is 20 €-cent /kWh for geothermal). The calculation mechanism may be updated every three years. Green Certificates are awarded to new power plants in operation after April 1999, and for a period that was initially 8 years, subsequently extended to 12 years; plants in operation after January 2008 are awarded for 15 years. As for 2010, the value of the net kWh generated from new or recent geothermal power plants awarded with Green Certificates is around 11 €-cent /kWh. This incentive makes it possible, in Italy, to proceed with the exploration, development and utilization of deep geothermal resources up to 3500-4000 m depth, which requires the drilling of very expensive wells. The electricity produced by geothermal plants with an installed capacity lower than 1 MWe is sold at a fixed price of 200 €/MWh State incentives for the direct use of heat from geothermal sources are also provided. They consist of: Incentive of 10.33 €/MWhth to the end users on a permanent basis, plus 15.49 €/ MWth to be confirmed every fiscal year Incentive to the developers for new supplies or for the increase of the existing ones, that is 20.66 €/kWt 13.4 Environmental/Acceptability Aspects The strong interaction occurring between geothermal activities and territory, taking into account that we operate in Tuscany, has placed a serious hindrance to developing new high enthalpy projects. Aiming at the retrieval of a constructive and mutually beneficial relation with the territory, Enel has set forth a number of initiatives to reduce the environmental drawbacks and increase the acceptability. New design solutions have been adopted to reduce the noise and visual impact of drilling pads, gathering systems and power plants. Moreover, an innovative plant for the abatement of mercury and hydrogen sulphide (AMIS) was designed and put into operation with very positive results, improving significantly the acceptability by local population. 13.4.1 AMIS Plant Construction The AMIS abatement plants have been designed by Enel to remove H2S and Hg from plant emissions. This technology makes it possible a substantial reduction of the environmental impact 144PDF Image | Geothermal Research and Tech IEA
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