Geothermal Research and Tech IEA

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13.2.5 AvoidedEmissions The utilization of geothermal fluids for electricity generation and direct uses provides a saving of about 1.5 Mtoe (million tons of oil equivalent), avoiding, at the same time, about 3 million tons of CO2 emission into the atmosphere. It should be noted that the exploitation of steam-dominated fields reduces the amount of CO2 naturally emitted from the soils in the geothermal areas, so that the total CO2 emission (natural plus power plant emission) remains unchanged. For this reason the CO2 emission has not been included by ARPAT (the Italian Agency for the protection of the environment and the territory) into the GHG inventory. 13.2.6 GeothermalExploration As for as 2009, the Italian government has modified the Italian regulatory framework for geothermal resources exploitation. With respect to the previous law, the main aspects that have been introduced are:  Classification of geothermal resources depending on their temperature  High enthalpy resources:  Medium enthalpy resources:  Low enthalpy resources: T> 150 °C 90 °C 90 °C  Increase of the contributions to be paid to the local administration up to  1.3 €/MWh to the municipalities  1.95 €/MWh to the Region (upper administrative level) Introduction of a one-off contribution (payable in 10 years) at the start up of new power plants. The contribution is fixed at the 4% of the construction costs  Discharge of the Enel‘s exclusive right for the geothermal resource exploitation in some Tuscan areas As a consequence of this latter point, several companies have applied for research permits (authorizations) in areas close to Enel leases under exploitation, addressing their targets especially to medium or low enthalpy geothermal resources. These researches are mainly aimed at developing small binary power plants (<1 MWe) that are entitled to special economic tariffs. In 2010, Enel Green Power also applied for new research leases for a total surface area of 950 km2, looking for both high and medium enthalpy resources. 13.3 Market Development and Stimulation: Policies Supporting Renewable Resources Specific policies for supporting the development of renewable resources have been adopted in Italy. As from the year 2001, all the operators (importers and producers of electricity from non- renewable sources) have to supply a quota of their input into the grid within the following year from renewable sources. This quota was initially, i.e., from the year 2002, set to 2% of the total energy, produced or imported, exceeding 100 GWh (excluding cogeneration, auxiliary consumption and exports). 143

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