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For the Teacher Deep inside the Earth, at depths near 150 kilometers, the temperature and pressure is sufficient to melt rock into magma. As it becomes less dense, the magma begins to flow toward the surface. Once it breaks through the crust it is referred to as lava. Lava is extremely hot; up to 1,250 °C. Average lava temperatures are about 750°C. A normal household oven only reaches temperatures near 260°C (500°F)! many scientists and engineers, we’ve realized that only 1% of the geothermal energy contained in the uppermost ten kilometers of the Earth’s crust is 500 times that contained in all the oil and gas resources of the world! The next step is designing technology that can harness this immense, renewable, and low to no - emission energy reservoir. Geothermal energy can be usefully extracted from four different types of geologic formations. These include hydrothermal, geopressurized, hot dry rock, and magma. Hydrothermal reservoirs have been the most common source of geothermal energy production worldwide. They contain hot water and/or steam trapped in fractured or porous rock formations by a layer of impermeable rock on top. Hydrothermal fluids can be used directly to heat buildings, greenhouses, and swimming pools, or they can be used to produce steam for electrical power generation. These power plants typically operate with fluid temperatures greater than 130oC. Geopressurized resources are from formations where moderately high temperature brines are trapped in a permeable layer of rock under high pressures. These brines are found deeper underground than hydrothermal fluids and have high concentrations of salt, minerals, and dissolved methane gas. In addition to producing steam for electrical power generation, minerals can be extracted from brines and used as supplementary revenue for a power plant. This process is known as co production. Hot dry rock reservoirs are generally hot impermeable rocks at depths shallow enough to be accessible The rock located just above the magma is also very hot but remains solid. What if we could harness this thermal energy and use it to generate electricity or heat homes and businesses? We would have a domestic, clean, and nearly inexhaustible energy supply. Geothermal energy is one of the components of the National Energy Policy: “Reliable, Affordable, and Environmentally Sound Energy for America’s Future”, (pg. 6-5). Our ancient ancestors knew about this free and reliable energy. They bathed and prepared food in hot springs and many cultures considered geysers and other surface geothermal features as sacred places. Today, due to the explorations and calculations ofPDF Image | Geothermal Energy USDOE
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