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3 What is Geothermal Energy? Geothermal energy can be described broadly as the thermal energy ‘stored at accessible depth in the earth’s crust’ (Mock et al, 1997). Since the beginning of recorded history, geothermal fluids have been used for cooking and bathing, however it was only in the 19th century that geothermal energy was captured for industrial purposes (Kirk-Othmer). In El Salvador, geothermal energy is harvested only for power generation. There is the possibility of using geothermal energy directly for drying coffee or grains (Rodriguez, 2000) this has been little explored, and direct use in El Salvador is negligible at best. Most geothermal energy that is used for electrical power is obtained at depths of 0-10km. There are four main categories of geothermal resources: hydrothermal, hot dry rock, magma and geo- pressured. Hydrothermal resources are found at depths of 1-4km and spontaneously produce steam or liquid water up to 350 ̊C. They are the least difficult geothermal resource for electricity generation since the steam from the resource can be channelled into low-pressure steam turbines with low risk of scaling or turbine blade damage (Peters et al, 2004). Hot dry rock geothermal systems are typically available at any depth deep enough to obtain temperatures that exceed 150 ̊C i.e. temperatures hot enough for heat extraction. For high-grade regions, this depth might be 2-5km, whereas for low-grade regions, depths of 4-8km are required (Mock et al, 1997). Magma geothermal resources are an extreme case of hot dry rock (Kirk-Othmer). The difficulty with extracting heat from magma is finding the resource at an accessible depth. Accessible regions (<7km) of molten rock are found typically in volcanically active areas. Geo-pressured resources are comprised of ‘hot high-pressure brines containing dissolved natural gas’ (Mock et al). They contain both hot water under pressure, and methane in solution. As will be discussed in the following section, the geothermal resources which have been exploited in El Salvador are primarily hydrothermal in nature. Currently, there is research and development being conducted by Shell International on the possibility of exploiting hot dry rock resources at one of the existing geothermal plant facilities in the east of El Salvador. Spring 2004 The Geothermal Energy Industry of El Salvador 6 Janelle PrevostPDF Image | Geothermal Energy Industry of El Salvador
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